Abo blood group

1 An Introduction to the Human Body • Introduction • 1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology • 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body • 1.3 Functions of Human Life • 1.4 Requirements for Human Life • 1.5 Homeostasis • 1.6 Anatomical Terminology • 1.7 Medical Imaging • Key Terms • Chapter Review • Interactive Link Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 2 The Chemical Level of Organization • Introduction • 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter • 2.2 Chemical Bonds • 2.3 Chemical Reactions • 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning • 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning • Key Terms • Chapter Review • Interactive Link Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 3 The Cellular Level of Organization • Introduction • 3.1 The Cell Membrane • 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles • 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication • 3.4 Protein Synthesis • 3.5 Cell Growth and Division • 3.6 Cellular Differentiation • Key Terms • Chapter Review • Interactive Link Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 4 The Tissue Level of Organization • Introduction • 4.1 Types of Tissues • 4.2 Epithelial Tissue • 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects • 4.4 Muscle Tissue and Motion • 4.5 Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response • 4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging • Key Terms • Chapter Review • Interactive Link Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 5 The Integumentary ...

blood group, classification of Historical background English physician Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus ( Jean-Baptiste Denis, court physician to hemolytic transfusion reaction. Denis was arrested after a fatality, and the procedure of transfusing the blood of other animals into humans was prohibited, by an act of the Chamber of Deputies in 1668, unless sanctioned by the Faculty of Medicine of Paris. Ten years later, in 1678, the British Parliament also prohibited transfusions. Little advance was made in the next 150 years. In England in the 19th century, interest was reawakened by the activities of obstetrician James Blundell, whose humanitarian instincts had been aroused by the frequently fatal outcome of In 1875 German physiologist Leonard Landois showed that, if the red blood cells of an animal belonging to one species are mixed with Major human blood group systems system date of discovery main antigens ABO 1901 A 1, A 2, B, H MNSs 1927 M, N, S, s P 1927 P 1, P 2 Rh 1940 D, C, c, E, e Lutheran 1945 Lu a, Lu b Kell 1946 K, k Lewis 1946 Le a, Le b Duffy 1950 Fy a, Fy b Kidd 1951 Jk a, Jk b Diego 1955 Di a, Di b Yt 1956 Yt a, Yt b I 1956 I, i Xg 1962 Xg a Dombrock 1965 Do a

Genomics is affecting all areas of medicine. In transfusion medicine, DNA-based genotyping is being used as an alternative to serological antibody-based methods to determine blood groups for matching donor to recipient. Most antigenic polymorphisms are due to single nucleotide polymorphism changes in the respective genes, and DNA arrays that target these changes have been validated by comparison with antibody-based typing. Importantly, the ability to test for antigens for which there are no serologic reagents is a major medical advance to identify antibodies and find compatible donor units, and can be life-saving. This review summarizes the evolving use and applications of genotyping for red cell and platelet blood group antigens affecting several areas of medicine. These include prenatal medicine for evaluating risk of fetal or neonatal disease and candidates for Rh-immune globulin; transplantation for bone marrow donor selection and transfusion support for highly alloimmunized patients and for confirmation of A2 status of kidney donors; hematology for comprehensive typing for patients with anemia requiring chronic transfusion; and oncology for patients receiving monoclonal antibody therapies that interfere with pretransfusion testing. A genomics approach allows, for the first time, the ability to routinely select donor units antigen matched to recipients for more than ABO/RhD to reduce complications. Of relevance, the growth of whole-genome sequencing in chronic disease ...

What determines someone’s blood type? Our different blood types are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens (unique substances) on the surface of our red blood cells. These antigens are an important part of blood donation and transfusion because patients cannot receive red blood cell transfusions from donors that have different antigens than their own red blood cells. Our body produces antibodies (part of our immune response) against antigens that are “foreign” to our body – thus limiting the blood types that patients can receive for transfusion. While there are many different types of antigens on our red blood cells and throughout our body, there are 2 main blood antigen groups that determine our blood type: ABO and Rh. ABO blood group The A and B antigens, and their presence on our red blood cells determines if our blood type is O (lacks both A and B antigens), A (has the A antigen only), B (has the B antigen only), or AB (has both A and B antigens). Rh blood group The presence or absence of the Rh antigen determines whether we are (+) or (-). Therefore, the 8 blood types are the following: O+, O-, A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB- Learn more about the genetics of