Anoxic anoxia

Nicholas Amendolare Nicholas Amendolare is a high school and middle school science teacher from Plymouth, Massachusetts. He has a bachelor's degree in environmental science from Worcester Polytechnic Institute and a master's degree in education from Harvard University. He has been a teacher for nine years, has written for TED-Ed, and is the founder of www.MrAscience.com. • Instructor An anoxic environment is an environment without oxygen. Such environments happen naturally, for example, in the deep ocean. But such environments can also be created artificially, for example, in the case in the case of brewing beer, where microorganisms use up the oxygen supply in a sealed container. The term "anoxia" is defined as a condition without oxygen. It is often used in its adjective form ("anoxic") to describe environments or processes without oxygen. For example, the deep ocean is sometimes an anoxic environment, because its dissolved oxygen is used up by microorganisms and it is too far away from the surface waters to have that oxygen supply replenished. These anoxic waters provide a perfect environment for preservation. They can preserve organic material which would otherwise decompose; and if conditions are right, it can be buried and transformed into fossil fuels. They can also preserve shipwrecks: in the early 2000s, Robert Ballard's team was able to find several ancient shipwrecks preserved in the oxygen-starved waters of the Black Sea; some of them dating back almost two-tho...

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What is anoxia? Anoxia happens when your body or brain completely loses its oxygen supply. Anoxia is usually a result of hypoxia. This means that a part of your body doesn’t have enough oxygen. When your body is harmed by a lack of oxygen, it’s called a hypoxic-anoxic injury. Hypoxia can be a consequence of many conditions. These include: • low oxygen at high altitudes • significant blood loss • carbon monoxide and other poisonings • breathing difficulties that lower oxygen supply, like asthma or pneumonia • low blood flow to organs, such as from a stroke or heart problem • sudden injuries that affect breathing, such as near-drowning or choking When hypoxia turns into anoxia, the parts of your body that need oxygen to function can stop working properly. This includes your: • • heart • kidneys • bodily tissues A complete lack of oxygen can be harmful or even deadly if it goes untreated. If you think you’re experiencing signs or symptoms of hypoxia, seek immediate medical attention. Don’t wait until symptoms start to point to anoxia. Anoxia can be especially harmful to your brain. After about four to five minutes without oxygen, your brain can become permanently damaged. Without oxygen, your brain cells can die, and many of the functions that your brain controls can be affected. The longer your brain goes without enough oxygen, the more likely you may experience long-term complications, including death. The symptoms of anoxia may not always be obvious at first. Your brain ca...

Introduction and Definition The brain requires a constant flow of oxygen to function normally. A hypoxic-anoxic injury, also known as HAI, occurs when that flow is disrupted, essentially starving the brain and preventing it from performing vital biochemical processes. Hypoxic refers to a partial lack of oxygen; anoxic means a total lack. In general, the more complete the deprivation, the more severe the harm to the brain and the greater the consequences. The diminished oxygen supply can cause serious impairments in cognitive skills, as well as in physical, psychological, and other functions. Recovery can occur in many cases, but it depends largely on the parts of the brain affected, and its pace and extent are unpredictable. As a result, HAI can have a catastrophic impact on the lives not only of those injured, but also for their families, friends, and caregivers as well. Treatment can be costly and complicated, especially because HAI patients frequently need substantial medical and rehabilitative help and may suffer from significant long-term disabilities. A shortage of easy-to-understand, accessible information about HAI can make the situation even more stressful for affected individuals and their families. This fact sheet will help answer your questions about this condition. Causes of Hypoxic-Anoxic Injury Why is oxygen important to us? Our bodies require oxygen in order to metabolize glucose. This process provides energy for the cells. The brain consumes about a fifth ...

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introduction Patients often sustain severe neurologic injury during cardiac arrest. As the heart ceases to pump oxyhemoglobin, tissues with higher metabolic rates are more at risk of developing irreversible hypoxic injury. The brain, particularly the cortex, deep gray nuclei and cerebellum, have very high metabolic demand and are thus prone to sustain injury during periods of cardiac arrest. In these cases, the decision to provide ongoing support often hinges on whether the patient might regain meaningful consciousness. Prognostication is extraordinarily important. Excessively pessimistic prognostication could lead to a premature withdrawal of care in a patient with the potential to recover. However, overly optimistic prognostication may lead to ongoing support for days or weeks in a hopeless situation. The TTM2 trial recently demonstrated that hypothermia at 33C following cardiac arrest was unhelpful. early brain death is (still) death • Sometimes, patients develop rapidly progressive cerebral edema that progresses to herniation and brain death. • There is no need to wait 72 hours to declare a patient brain dead. Brain death guidelines do recommend waiting 24 hours after arrest to declare brain death. ( • As a general rule, early brain death declaration should be pursued only if you have unequivocal head imaging (CT or MRI) that demonstrates catastrophic structural brain injury (i.e., global cerebral edema with tonsillar herniation) and once all other potential confounder...

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introduction Patients often sustain severe neurologic injury during cardiac arrest. As the heart ceases to pump oxyhemoglobin, tissues with higher metabolic rates are more at risk of developing irreversible hypoxic injury. The brain, particularly the cortex, deep gray nuclei and cerebellum, have very high metabolic demand and are thus prone to sustain injury during periods of cardiac arrest. In these cases, the decision to provide ongoing support often hinges on whether the patient might regain meaningful consciousness. Prognostication is extraordinarily important. Excessively pessimistic prognostication could lead to a premature withdrawal of care in a patient with the potential to recover. However, overly optimistic prognostication may lead to ongoing support for days or weeks in a hopeless situation. The TTM2 trial recently demonstrated that hypothermia at 33C following cardiac arrest was unhelpful. early brain death is (still) death • Sometimes, patients develop rapidly progressive cerebral edema that progresses to herniation and brain death. • There is no need to wait 72 hours to declare a patient brain dead. Brain death guidelines do recommend waiting 24 hours after arrest to declare brain death. ( • As a general rule, early brain death declaration should be pursued only if you have unequivocal head imaging (CT or MRI) that demonstrates catastrophic structural brain injury (i.e., global cerebral edema with tonsillar herniation) and once all other potential confounder...

Introduction and Definition The brain requires a constant flow of oxygen to function normally. A hypoxic-anoxic injury, also known as HAI, occurs when that flow is disrupted, essentially starving the brain and preventing it from performing vital biochemical processes. Hypoxic refers to a partial lack of oxygen; anoxic means a total lack. In general, the more complete the deprivation, the more severe the harm to the brain and the greater the consequences. The diminished oxygen supply can cause serious impairments in cognitive skills, as well as in physical, psychological, and other functions. Recovery can occur in many cases, but it depends largely on the parts of the brain affected, and its pace and extent are unpredictable. As a result, HAI can have a catastrophic impact on the lives not only of those injured, but also for their families, friends, and caregivers as well. Treatment can be costly and complicated, especially because HAI patients frequently need substantial medical and rehabilitative help and may suffer from significant long-term disabilities. A shortage of easy-to-understand, accessible information about HAI can make the situation even more stressful for affected individuals and their families. This fact sheet will help answer your questions about this condition. Causes of Hypoxic-Anoxic Injury Why is oxygen important to us? Our bodies require oxygen in order to metabolize glucose. This process provides energy for the cells. The brain consumes about a fifth ...