Architecture of linux

Linux is a version of UNIX OS which has gained popularity early days. In this chapter, you will look at the history and growth of Linux and cover up the user based model and concept which Linux offers — interfaces which owe a great deal to the UNIX tradition. Linux History Linux looks and feels are similar to that of any other UNIX system; certainly, UNIX compatibility has been a chief design goal for the Linux project. However, Linux is much younger compared to most UNIX systems. Its development began in the year 1991, when a Finnish student named Linus Torvalds, wrote and launched Linux, a small but self-contained kernel for 80386 processor. Early at the time of its development, the Linux source code was made free on the Internet so that everyone can compose their distro/version. From an initial kernel which partially employs a small subset of the UNIX system services, the Linux system gradually developed to include much of the ifFNIX functionality. The Linux Kernel The 1 st Linux kernel was released to the public with Version 0.01, on May 14 in 1991. It had no networking feature and was able to run only on 80386-compatible Intel processors and hardware and had a tremendously limited device driver support. The virtual memory subsystem was also quite basic and incorporated no support for memory-mapped files. The next milestone for Linux was Linux 1.0 which was released on March 14 in 1994. With this release terminated three years of fast development of Linux kernel. Possi...

Linux has several silent features, some of the important ones are: Multiuser Capability: This is a capability of Linux OS where, the same computer resources – hard disk, memory, etc. are accessible to multiple users. Of course, not on a single terminal, they are given different terminals to operate from. A terminal will consist of at least a Monitor/VDU, keyboard and mouse as input devices. All the terminals are then connected to the main Linux Server or Host Machine, whose resources and connected peripheral devices such as printer, can be used. Client/Server Architecture is an example of multiuser capability of Linux, where different clients are connected to a Linux server. The client sends request to the server with a particular data and server requests with the processed data or the file requested, client terminal is also known as a Dumb Terminal. Multitasking: Linux has the ability to handle more than one job at a time, say for example you have executed a command for sorting for a huge list and simultaneously typing in a notepad. This is managed by dividing the CPU time intelligently by the implementation of scheduling policies and the concept of context switching. Portability: Portability was the one of the main features that made Linux so popular among the users, but portability doesn’t mean that it is smaller in file size and can be carried on pen drive, CDs and memory cards. Instead, here portability means that Linux OS and its application can work on different typ...

uname requires you to know architectures. Actually, I was looking for a list of architectures and I found uname -m: x86_64 GNU/Linux indicates that you've a 64bit Linux kernel running. If you use see i386/i486/i586/i686 it is a 32 bit kernel. To determine if the hardware is capable of running a 64-bit kernel grep flags /proc/cpuinfo Look for the following in the output (all flags retrieved from • lm flag means Long mode cpu - 64 bit CPU • tm flag means Protected mode - 32-bit CPU • rm flag means Real Mode - 16 bit CPU There is also lscpu Architektura: x86_64 Tryb(y) pracy CPU: 32-bit, 64-bit Kolejność bajtów: Little Endian Address sizes: 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual CPU: 8 Lista aktywnych CPU: 0-7 Wątków na rdzeń: 2 Rdzeni na gniazdo: 4 Gniazd: 1 Węzłów NUMA: 1 ID producenta: GenuineIntel Rodzina CPU: 6 Model: 60 Nazwa modelu: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4770 CPU @ 3.40GHz Wersja: 3 CPU MHz: 3392.293 CPU max MHz: 3900,0000 CPU min MHz: 800,0000 BogoMIPS: 6784.24 Wirtualizacja: VT-x Cache L1d: 128 KiB Cache L1i: 128 KiB Cache L2: 1 MiB Cache L3: 8 MiB Procesory węzła NUMA 0: 0-7 If you're looking for a simple one-liner, this is the most reliable solution that I've found that returns 64 or 32. It doesn't care if you're running ARM or not, and it should work on any system using bash or sh. Beware, this will assume the system is either 32-bit or 64-bit. See my explanation below if you need to detect 8- 16- or some-other-bit architecture. [ $((0xffffffff)) -eq -1 ] && echo 32 || ...

The kernel has 4 jobs: • Memory management:Keep track of how much memory is used to store what, and where • Process management:Determine which processes can use the central processing unit (CPU), when, and for how long • Device drivers:Act as mediator/interpreter between the hardware and processes • System calls and security:Receive requests for service from the processes The kernel, if implemented properly, is invisible to the user, working in its own little world known as kernel space, where it allocates memory and keeps track of where everything is stored. What the user sees—like web browsers and Think about it like this:The kernel is a busy personal assistant for a powerful executive (the hardware). It’s the assistant’s job to relay messages and requests (processes) from employees and the public (users) to the executive, to remember what is stored where (memory), and to determine who has access to the executive at any given time and for how long. To put the kernel in context, you can think of a • The hardware: The physical machine—the bottom or base of the system, made up of memory (RAM) and the processor or central processing unit (CPU), as well as input/output (I/O) devices such as • The Linux kernel: The core of the OS. (See? It’s right in the middle.) It’s software residing in memory that tells the CPU what to do. • User processes: These are the running programs that the kernel processes. The kernel also allows these processes and servers to communicate with each o...

A popular open-source operating system is Linux. It was initially created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. At the time, Torvalds was a computer science student at the University of Helsinki, Finland and began working on the Linux project as a personal endeavour. The name Linux is a combination of his first name, Linus, and Unix, the operating system that inspired his projects. At the time, most operating systems were proprietary and expensive. Torvalds wanted to create an operating system that was freely available to anyone who wanted to use the operating system, He originally released Linux as free software under the GNU General Public License. This meant that anyone could use, modify, and redistribute his source code. Early versions of Linux were primarily used by technology enthusiasts and software developers, but over time it has grown in popularity and is used in various types of devices such as servers, smartphones, and embedded systems. Linux is considered one of the most stable, secure and reliable operating systems and is widely used in servers, supercomputers and enterprise environments. Today, Linux is one of the most widely used operating systems in the world, with an estimated 2.76% of all desktop computers and more than 90% of the world’s top supercomputers running on Linux, and approx. 71.85% of all mobile devices run on Android, which is, you guessed it, Linux-based. The Linux community has expanded to include thousands of developers and users who work on the cre...

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