Bacillus haemophilus influenzae causes

Throat anatomy The throat includes the esophagus; windpipe, also known as the trachea; voice box, also known as the larynx; tonsils; and epiglottis. Epiglottitis happens when the epiglottis — a small cartilage "lid" that covers the windpipe — swells. The swelling blocks the flow of air into the lungs. Epiglottitis can be deadly. Many factors can cause the epiglottis to swell. These factors include infections, burns from hot liquids and injuries to the throat. Epiglottitis can happen at any age. Once, mainly children got it. The most common cause of epiglottitis in children was infection with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacteria. The bacterium also causes pneumonia, meningitis and blood infections. Routine Hib vaccination for infants has made epiglottitis rare in children. It's now more common in adults. The condition needs quick care to prevent deadly complications. Symptoms Symptoms in children Children can develop symptoms of epiglottitis within hours. Symptoms can include: • Fever. • Sore throat. • Unusual, high-pitched sound when breathing in, known as stridor. • Difficult and painful swallowing. • Drooling. • Acting anxious and irritable. • Sitting up or leaning forward to ease breathing. Symptoms in adults Adults might get symptoms over days rather than hours. Symptoms might include: • Sore throat. • Fever. • A muffled or hoarse voice. • Unusual, high-pitched sound when breathing in, known as stridor. • Difficulty breathing. • Difficulty swallowing. • Droolin...

Haemophilus Influenzae Infections in Children What is Haemophilus influenzae in children? Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) is a group of bacteria that can cause different types of infections in babies and children. H. influenzae most often cause ear, eye, or sinus infections. They also cause pneumonia. A strain of the bacteria that causes more serious disease is called H. influenzae type b. The type b strain is now rare in the U.S. because of the Hib vaccine. Before widespread vaccination, significant disease occurred in as many as 130 out of 100,000 kids. That rate is now less than 1 out of 100,000 children. The type b strain caused many cases of infection of the membranes that surround the brain (meningitis). It also caused a life-threatening infection called epiglottitis. This is infection of the part of the throat that covers and protects the voice box and windpipe (trachea) during swallowing. In rare cases, a child may still get an H. influenzae type b infection. This is more likely to occur in a child who has not finished the series of vaccines. Or it can occur in an older child who did not get the vaccine as a baby. Children who travel to other countries may also be at risk. This is because not all children around the world get the Hib vaccine. Most cases of H. influenzae that occur today are due to the non-type b strains of the bacteria. What causes H. influenza in a child? The H. influenzae bacteria live in the nose, sinuses, and throat. They are often sprea...

Reporting Obligations Suspected cases must be reported immediately by phone to the Thunder Bay District Health Unit at 625-8318 or toll-free 1-888-294-6630, ext. 8318 (Monday-Friday, 8:30am to 4:30pm). After hours and on weekends/holidays call Thunder Bay Answering Service at (807) 624-1280. Epidemiology Aetiologic Agent: Haemophilus influenzae is a gram negative encapsulated coccobacilli bacterium that causes invasive disease and illness. H. influenzae strains either encapsulated (typeable) or non-encapsulated (nontypeable). Encapsulated strains (classified a-f ) are more likely to cause invasive disease than non-encapsulated strains, which cause mild infection. All strains resulting in invasive disease are reportable. Non-b H. influenzae now accounts for the majority of invasive H. influenzae disease in Canada. Clinical Presentation: H. influenzae disease in humans ranges from non-invasive infections such as acute otitis media to severe invasive infections such as meningitis and epiglottis. Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) is the most pathogenic strain, causing 95% of invasive disease prior to the introduction of vaccine programs. Other common types of invasive disease include epiglottitis, pneumonia, arthritis and cellulitis. Non-type b encapsulated strains (a, c-f) can also cause invasive disease similar to type b infections. In the pre-vaccine era, the most common presentation of invasive disease was meningitis (50%-65% of cases). Non-typeable strains may cause...

Potential conflicts of interest. L. H. H. has served as a member of data and safety monitoring boards for Merck and reports reimbursement for travel expenses from Merck and Pfizer. S. P. reports funding awarded by the Connecticut Department of Public Health by the CDC (Emerging Infections Cooperative Agreement). All other authors report no potential conflicts. Methods We used data from population- and laboratory-based surveillance for invasive H. influenzae disease conducted in 10 sites to estimate national incidence of NTHi, and to describe epidemiology in women of childbearing age, infants aged ≤30 days (neonates), and PWH living in the surveillance catchment areas. H. influenzae isolates were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for species confirmation, serotyping, and whole genome sequencing of select isolates. Results During 2008–⁠2019, average annual NTHi incidence in the US was 1.3/100 000 population overall, 5.8/100 000 among children aged <1 year, and 10.2/100 000 among adults aged ≥80 years. Among 225 reported neonates with NTHi, 92% had a positive culture within the first week of life and 72% were preterm. NTHi risk was 23 times higher among preterm compared to term neonates, and 5.6 times higher in pregnant/postpartum compared to nonpregnant women. More than half of pregnant women with invasive NTHi had loss of pregnancy postinfection. Incidence among PWH aged ≥13 years was 9.5 cases per 100 000, compared to 1.1 cases per 100 000 for non-PWH ...