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Objectives Bacitracin is an antimicrobial peptide that is frequently used as an active ingredient in antimicrobial ointments. However, bacitracin resistance is highly prevalent in community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains and significantly compromises the effectiveness of existing antimicrobial ointments. In this study, we aimed to develop novel adjuvants to enhance the antimicrobial activity of bacitracin by using alkyl gallates. Methods The growth of MRSA USA300, the predominant CA-MRSA strain in the USA, was determined in the presence of bacitracin and alkyl gallates at various concentrations. The viability of USA300 and MDR clinical isolates of MRSA was measured after exposure to various combinations of bacitracin and alkyl gallates. Results Whereas 100 U/mL bacitracin did not inhibit USA300, 1 U/mL bacitracin in combination with as low as 2 mg/L octyl gallate (OG) and 8 mg/L dodecyl gallate (DG), respectively, completely inhibited the growth of USA300. Among the tested alkyl gallates, OG most significantly enhanced the bactericidal activity of bacitracin. For example, 10 −3 U/mL bacitracin with 5 mg/L OG effectively killed USA300, which is an ∼200 000-fold decrease in the MBC of bacitracin for USA300. Furthermore, bacitracin/OG combinations demonstrated similar levels of antimicrobial activity against human clinical isolates of MRSA resistant to multiple antibiotics of clinical importance. Introduction MRSA is a serious public health threat. According to the CDC, MR...

Introduction Bacitracin was declared the Contact Allergen of the Year for 2003 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society (ACDS). allergens in the US causing allergic contact dermatitis [1]. Bacitracin is the active ingredient of a large variety of topical antibacterial agents [2]. What is bacitracin and where is it found? Bacitracin is a polypeptide broad-spectrum organisms of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis var Tracy, first isolated in the 1940s [3].It is bacteriostatic (or bactericidal in sufficient quantities) and acts on gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria by disrupting cell wall and peptidoglycan synthesis. What is bacitracin used for? Ophthalmic and ear medications Bacitracin is used in superficial eye infections involving the conjunctiva ( conjunctivitis) or cornea ( keratitis), and for infections of the external ear canal ( otitis external) [4,6]. Topical use on the skin surface • To prevent infection in minor cuts, scrapes and • During and after surgery to prevent infection. Bacitracin is used alone or in combination with other products, including: • • Polymyxin B • The anaesthetic, lignocaine • Hydrocortisone (mild Treatment of large areas of skin can be dangerous due to toxicity to the nervous system and kidneys, particularly in children, in older people, and in those with renal impairment. Injection • The only systemic use of bacitracin is in neonatal pneumonia and empyema caused by susceptible nephrotoxicity. Bacitracin is not used oral...

Bacitracin Susceptibility Test • The Bacitracin susceptibility test is one of the antimicrobial disc tests used to distinguish between group A and other -hemolytic Streptococci. • The majority of antimicrobial susceptibility tests are performed to distinguish between species within the same genus. • To evaluate the susceptibility of microorganisms to particular antibiotics, antimicrobial discs are utilised. • Bacitracin is a bactericidal agent used to treat superficial skin infections and is rarely administered systemically by injection. • Bacillus subtilis produces the polypeptide antibiotic bacitracin. It inhibits • It prevents bactoprenol from transferring NAM and NAG sugars across the • Bacitracin inhibits the growth of Group A -hemolytic Streptococci but not other -hemolytic Streptococci. This facilitates the separation of the two groups of organisms. • Bacitracin discs are mostly utilised against Streptococcus pyogenes since it inhibits the organism’s growth. • Bacitracin produces an approximately 12-millimeter zone of inhibition against S. pyogenes, which is utilised as a positive control when testing against other groups of organisms. • Levinson and Frank, who utilised Bacitracin-impregnated filter paper discs for this purpose, determined that a significant number of sensitive beta-haemolytic streptococci were of Group A. • Comparing Bacitracin disc, fluorescent antibody technique, and Lancefield precipitin technique, Steamer et al discovered that the Bacitracin di...

Company: Zoetis Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate Type A Medicated Article Antibacterial For supplementing rations of swine, chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail and feedlot beef cattle Active Drug Ingredient Each pound contains feed grade bacitracin methylene disalicylate equivalent to 50 grams bacitracin (Master Standard). Composition A dried precipitated fermentation product obtained by culturing B. licheniformis Tracy on media adapted for microbiological production of bacitracin; calcium carbonate. For manufacturing medicated poultry and livestock feeds only Mixing Directions Prepare an intermediate premix containing 5 grams per pound by mixing 1.0lb of BMD 50 with 9.0 lbs of a feed ingredient(s) or a portion of the non-medicated feed. Then add 0.8 to 50 lbs of intermediate premix per ton of finished feed. Species Grams bacitracin perton of feed BMD 50 Indications Broiler and replacement chickens 4-50 For increased rate of weight gain and improved feed efficiency. 50 As an aid in prevention of necrotic enteritis caused or complicated by Clostridium spp. or other organisms susceptible to bacitracin methylene disalicylate. 100-200 As an aid in control of necrotic enteritis caused or complicated by Clostridium spp. or other organisms susceptible to bacitracin methylene disalicylate. BMD 50 Caution To control a necrotic enteritis outbreak, start medication at the first clinical signs of disease. The dosage range permitted provides for different levels based on severity of t...

Pantoea ananatis is a plant pathogenic bacterium that severely impacts rice. In spite of its worldwide prevalence, limited studies have been conducted so far on the control of P. ananatis. Bacitracin A is a non-ribosomal peptide antibiotic with strong antibacterial activity produced by Bacillus licheniformis strain HN-5. We investigated the mechanisms of action underlying the biocontrol and bactericidal efficacy of bacitracin A against P. ananatis. Fluorescence microscopy and bacterial cell viability analyses revealed that the median effective concentration of bacitracin A against P. ananatis was 9.10 μg ml −1. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that bacitracin A damaged the cell wall and membrane of P. ananatis. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that the transcriptional expression of ftsZ, glmS, and gumD, which are involved in cell division, cell-wall biosynthesis, and extracellular polymeric substance biosynthesis, respectively, was upregulated at 12 h and significantly downregulated at 24 h after bacitracin A treatment in P. ananatis. Bacitracin A caused cell leakage and changes to membrane permeability in P. ananatis, supporting its use as a natural biocontrol agent for P. ananatis. • Borshchevskaya L, Kalinina A, Sineokii S (2013) Design of a PCR test based on the gyrA gene sequence for the identification of closely related species of the Bacillus subtilis group. Appl Biochem Microbiol 49(7):646–655 • Carrillo C, Teruel JA, Aranda FJ, Ortiz A (200...

Today, a tube of bacitracin ointment is simply something you reach for in the medicine cabinet, right next to the aspirin and bandages, to treat minor skin problems such as paper cuts, scraped knees and small burns. But before bacitracin’s creation, injuries like these could lead to serious infections. The discovery of bacitracin in 1943 was accidental: Balbina Johnson (left), a bacteriologist at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, discovered that a type of microbe in a young girl’s leg injury showed antibacterial activity. In other words, it killed bad germs. The name bacitracin was conceived in honor of Margaret Tracy, the girl whose injury led to the discovery of the new antibiotic. By the early 1950s, bacitracin had been proved effective in treating conditions ranging from acute staphylococcic endocarditis (staph infection) to amebiasis (intestinal infection). The Journal of the American Medical Association reported in 1951 that bacitracin had even been used to treat human bites incurred during brawls. Brawl or not, most of us apply the ointment today for minor skin wounds, where it kills existing bacteria and inhibits the growth of new ones.

Bacitracin A However, bacitracin A, N-[[2-(1-amino-2-methylbutyl)-4,5-dihydro-4-thiazolyl] carbonyl]bacitracin F (32.7.11), makes up the main part of the isolated fractions [338–341]. From: Synthesis of Essential Drugs, 2006 Related terms: • Micellar System • Peptidoglycan • Bacitracin • D-Phenylalanine • Vancomycin • Amino Acid • Polypeptide Antibiotic Agent Fig. 30.36. Structure of bacitracin A. The bacitracin peptides were first discovered in 1945 as a product of a Bacillus licheniformis strain isolated from a wound sustained by a patient named Margaret Tracy. Bacitracin is an antibiotic that is produced by Bacillus subtilis, with a potent bactericidal activity directed primarily against Gram-positive organisms used to prevent minor skin infections caused by small cuts and scrapes. Bacitracin is used in several types of consumer products, including cosmetics and ophthalmic and cutaneous ointment. Among systemic diseases, only staphylococcal infections qualify for consideration of bacitracin therapy. Intramuscular bacitracin is indicated in the treatment of infants with pneumonia and empyema caused by staphylococci shown to be susceptible to the drug [280,281]. Bacitracins are polypeptide antibiotics that are isolated from a culture fluid of B. licheniformis. Ten individual bacitracins have been isolated: bacitracins A, A 1, B, C, D, E, F 1, F 2, F 3 , and G. However, the drug itself, named bacitracin, that is used in medicine is a mixture of polypeptide antibiotics. All...

ABSTRACT Production of the polypeptide antibiotic bacitracin by a newly isolated Bacillus licheniformis B5 strain, using a laboratory medium was optimized. A medium of the following conditions was obtained: 1.5% glycerol as carbon source, 0.05% glutamic acid as nitrogen source, 1.43% inorganic phosphate, 0.0025% magnesium sulfate, with an initial pH of 7.5. Culture was incubated at 37°C for 48 h. The bacitracin productivity was about 174.2 units mL -1. Bacitracin antibiotic was also produced using immobilized cells of the B5 isolate in different immobilization supports (7.5% polyacrylamide, 4% sodium alginate beads and 2% agar). It was found that the highest bacitracin production rate (192 units mL -1) was obtained when using 7.5% polyacrylamide gel as an immobilization material. XML How to cite this article INTRODUCTION Bacitracin is one of the most important polypeptide antibiotics; it is produced by some strains of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis and functions as an inhibitor of the cell wall biosynthesis. It is a potent antibiotic used clinically in combination with other antimicrobial drugs (Cao and Helmann, 2002). Bacitracin inhibits preferentially the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus (Bass et al., 1997; Skaar et al., 1994). Bacitracin is composed of 12 amino acid residues and it is produced non-ribosomally by the thiotemplate mechanism (Eppelmann et al., 2001). In addition to its use as a drug, bacitracin is widely used in the ...