Bacteria diagram

How does that work? When we cut and paste DNA, it's often possible for side products to form, in addition to the plasmid we intend to build. For instance, when we try to insert a gene into a plasmid using a particular restriction enzyme, we may get some cases where the plasmid closes back up (without taking in the gene), and other cases where the gene goes in backwards. Why does it matter if a gene goes into a plasmid backwards? In some cases, it doesn't. However, if we want to express the gene in bacteria to make a protein, the gene must point in the right direction relative to the promoter, or control sequence that drives gene expression. If the gene were backwards, the wrong strand of DNA would be transcribed and no protein would be made. In other cases, bacteria may be used as protein factories. If a plasmid contains the right control sequences, bacteria can be induced to express the gene it contains when a chemical signal is added. Expression of the gene leads to production of mRNA, which is translated into protein. The bacteria can then be lysed (split open) to release the protein. A chosen colony is grown up into a large culture. The bacteria in the large culture are induced to express the target gene through addition of a chemical signal to the culture medium. Inside each bacterium, the target gene is transcribed into mRNA, and the mRNA is translated into protein. The protein encoded by the target gene accumulates inside the bacteria. Cells that have produced prote...

Bacteria are tiny, single-celled living organisms. There are millions of different types of bacteria. Many can be found in and on your body and are beneficial to you. These bacteria make up your microbiome, which keeps your body healthy. Other bacteria can make you sick. Healthcare providers can treat many bacterial infections with antibiotics. What are bacteria? Bacteria are microscopic living organisms that have only one cell. The word for just one is “bacterium.” Millions (if not billions) of different types of bacteria can be found all over the world, including in your body. They’re on your skin and in your airways and mouth. They’re also in your What are the benefits of bacteria? Most types of bacteria aren’t harmful. Some are even good for you. These helpful bacteria are mainly located on your skin or in your gut or digestive system. They’re called resident flora, or your microbiome, which are groups of microbes living in and on your body. Gut bacteria keep you healthy by absorbing nutrients, breaking down food and preventing the growth of harmful bacteria. What are the risks of bacteria? Most bacteria are harmless, but certain types can make you sick. These bacteria are a type of pathogen. Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease. They can reproduce quickly in your body and give off poisons (toxins) that can cause infection. Harmful bacteria examples include: • Streptococcus : Bacteria that cause • Staphylococcus : Bacteria that cause • Escherichia coli :...

Table of Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Bacterial wall: The outermost part of a bacterial cell is a bacterial wall. The bacterial wall consists of mainly two layers- The slime layer and the Cell wall. A. Slime layer and Capsule: There is usually a thick slippery slime layer present just outside the cell wall of a bacterial cell. When the layer is hard, called the capsule. It is composed mainly of polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and polypeptides. Functions: • Capsules are effective in nitrogen fixation. • The capsule is capable of absorbing water vapor from the air. • The capsule protects the bacteria from dryness and antibodies. • It protects bacteria from phagocytosis and viral infections. • The slime layer protects bacteria from toxic chemicals. Figure: Labelled diagram of a typical bacterial cell B. Cell wall: The thick erect elastic membrane that lies beneath the slime layer outside the bacterial cell is called the cell wall. Its thickness is around 10-25 nm and is Made up of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Usually, the cell wall does not contain cellulose. The cell wall is composed of basically mucopeptide or peptidoglycan. • In the glycan part of the peptidoglycan, N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid chain are present. • There are two types of peptides are present in the peptide part of peptidoglycan. Like – stem peptide and linker peptide. Stem peptides is containing L-alanine, D-glutamic acid, Meso-diaminopimelic acid, and D-alanine. It ...