Cad nursing diagnosis

In the U.S. and many other countries, atherosclerosis is common in people age 65 and above, as well as those with a family history of heart diseases. Signs and Symptoms of Atherosclerosis • Pain – can be on the chest (if coronary artery is affected) or the limbs (if peripheral arteries are affected) especially the legs • • Tachycardia • • Tachypnea • Palpitations • Fatigue • Weakness or myalgia Causes of Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis happens when cholesterol-containing deposits or “plaques” develop on the artery walls. There are several risk factors that may promote the buildup of plaque in an artery. These include Complications of Atherosclerosis • • • Peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Blockage of a peripheral artery may lead to reduced blood flow to the limbs, usually the legs. This can manifest as leg weakness and pain and can affect the mobility of the patient. • Arrhythmias. Abnormal heart rhythms such as Diagnostic Tests for Atherosclerosis • Vital signs – decreased blood pressure on the affected limb; whooshing sound or bruit over the arteries upon auscultation • Blood tests – to measure cholesterol levels by total lipid profile (fasting for 10 to 12 hours), lipoprotein blood test (non-fasting), and glucose testing • Doppler Ultrasound – to measure the blood pressure on different sites of the arm or leg in order to check for the speed of the arterial blood flow, and any blockage • Ankle-brachial index – to compare the blood pressure level in the arm versus that i...

Edema is swelling caused by fluid build-up in the tissues. It can occur in any part of the body but is most noticeable in the arms, hands, legs, and feet. Edema is a common finding and may go away on its own or may be a symptom of an underlying health condition, an allergic reaction, or an adverse effect of a medication. There are different types of edema but the most common ones include: • Cerebral Edema: This is a serious and life-threatening type of edema characterized by fluid buildup in the brain. • • Lymphedema: This condition typically occurs in the arms and legs and is associated with problems in the lymph nodes. • Peripheral Edema: Edema in the extremities is usually a clinical manifestation of health conditions associated with the circulatory system, kidneys, or lymph nodes. • Pedal Edema: This condition occurs when fluid is pooled in the lower legs and feet and is common among pregnant women. A detailed physical assessment and medical history are essential to determine the cause of edema. Diagnostic tests that help uncover potential causes include ultrasounds, x-rays, MRIs, blood tests, and urinalysis. The Nursing Process The management of edema depends on its severity and the underlying condition. Mild edema will usually not require any interventions, as the swelling will subside on its own. Edema of the brain or lungs will require drug therapy like diuretics to help the body expel excess fluid. The underlying condition causing the edema must also be managed an...

This article discusses nursing care plans and management for patients with acute rheumatic fever, a serious inflammatory condition that affects the heart, joints, and other organs. Learn about the essential components of nursing care for this condition, nursing diagnosis, nursing goals, and nursing interventions, and how nurses can provide effective care for patients with acute rheumatic fever. This nursing guide provides comprehensive care and management strategies for patients with congenital heart disease. Gain knowledge about the nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnosis specific to congenital heart disease in order to provide effective care and support patients with congenital heart disease. Nurses play a critical role in assessing, monitoring, and caring for patients who are experiencing a heart attack. This comprehensive care plan guide focuses on the essential nursing assessment, interventions, nursing care plans and nursing diagnoses for effectively managing patients with myocardial infarction.

Table of contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • What is Heart Failure? Heart failure (HF)or Heart failure is not a disease itself. Instead, the term refers to a clinical syndrome characterized by manifestations of volume overload, inadequate Clinical Manifestations Heart failure can affect the heart’s left side, right side, or both sides. Though, it usually affects the left side first. The signs and symptoms of heart failure are defined based on which ventricle is affected—left-sided heart failure causes a different set of manifestations than right-sided heart failure. Left-Sided Heart Failure • Dyspnea on exertion • Pulmonary congestion, pulmonary crackles • • Frothy sputum that is sometimes blood-tinged • Inadequate tissue perfusion • Weak, thready pulse • Tachycardia • Oliguria, nocturia • Right-Sided Heart Failure • Congestion of the viscera and peripheral tissues • Edema of the lower extremities • Enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly) • Ascites • • Weakness • Weight gain (fluid retention) Because heart failure causes vascular congestion, it is often called congestive heart failure, although most cardiac specialists no longer use it. Other terms used to denote heart failure include chronic heart failure, cardiac decompensation, cardiac insufficiency, and ventricular failure. Nursing Care Plans & Management Nurses greatly influence the outcomes of patients with heart failure through education and monitoring despite high morbidity and mortality ra...

Impaired Perfusion Nursing Care Plans Diagnosis and Interventions Impaired Perfusion NCLEX Review and Nursing Care Plans Blood is a connective tissue that transports oxygen and nutrients in the body. When arterial/venous blood flow is insufficient (a mechanism also known as perfusion), it might result in decreased nourishment and oxygenation at the cellular level. • Impaired brain perfusion. The leading cause of impaired brain perfusion is the presence of internal trauma, physical blockage (thrombus or embolus formation), intracranial swelling, intracranial hemorrhage, and • Impaired renal perfusion. Many factors contribute to impaired perfusion in the kidneys; these include a decrease in cardiac output, physical blockage (formation of thrombus), swelling, or hypovolemia. The early indicator of renal perfusion is having a low urinary output and an increase in serum creatinine (assesses renal function) Signs and Symptoms of Impaired Perfusion • Peripheral • Prolonged healing of wounds • Peripheral pulses are weak or absent. • Extended capillary refilling • When the patient is dependent, there is pallor on elevation. • Alterations in skin sensations • Hair loss in the legs • Changes in skin temperature • Cold fingers • Cardiopulmonary • • Arrhythmias • Capillary refill of more than 3 seconds • Increase respiration effort • Abnormal ABGs • Symptoms of coronary syndrome • • Diaphoresis • Bradycardia/Tachycardia • Increased breathing rate • • Alterations in the electrocardiogra...

Chest pain or angina is the discomfort a person experiences when the heart does not get enough oxygen. Chest pain is not a disease itself, but a symptom of an underlying cause. The pain felt in angina can be described as squeezing, dull, sharp, crushing, or burning. Severe chest pain may be described as extreme pressure, such as someone or something sitting on the chest. The pain may radiate to the neck, jaw, or extremities. In this article: • • • • • • • • • Types and Risk Factors Chest pain is essentially a symptom of an underlying problem like There are different types of angina: • Stable Angina. This type of angina is also referred to as angina pectoris and occurs due to CAD with decreased oxygenated blood flow to the heart muscles due to narrowed or blocked arteries. This type of chest pain is often predictable and resolves with rest or medication. • Unstable Angina. This type of angina causes unexpected and sudden chest pain usually occurring while at rest due to a rupture of unstable plaque. Immediate diagnosis and treatment are required. • Variant (Prinzmetal) Angina. Variant angina is characterized by pain caused by coronary vasospasm usually happening between midnight and early morning while the patient is at rest. The major risk factors of angina include the following: • High cholesterol • • • Overweight or • • Metabolic syndrome • Sedentary lifestyle • Unhealthy diet • Family history of heart disease • Old age (men above 45 years old and women above 55 years ol...

Overview Coronary artery disease is a common heart condition. The major blood vessels that supply the heart (coronary arteries) struggle to send enough blood, oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. Cholesterol deposits (plaques) in the heart arteries and inflammation are usually the cause of coronary artery disease. Signs and symptoms of coronary artery disease occur when the heart doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood. If you have coronary artery disease, reduced blood flow to the heart can cause chest pain (angina) and shortness of breath. A complete blockage of blood flow can cause a heart attack. Coronary artery disease often develops over decades. Symptoms may go unnoticed until a significant blockage causes problems or a heart attack occurs. Following a heart-healthy lifestyle can help prevent coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease may also be called coronary heart disease. Stephen Kopecky, M.D., Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic: I'm Dr. Stephen Kopecky, a cardiologist at Mayo Clinic. In this video, we'll cover the basics of coronary artery disease. What is it? Who gets it? The symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Whether you're looking for answers for yourself or someone you love, we're here to give you the best information available. Coronary artery disease, also called CAD, is a condition that affects your heart. It is the most common heart disease in the United States. CAD happens when coronary arteries struggle to supply the heart with enough blood...

This article discusses nursing care plans and management for patients with acute rheumatic fever, a serious inflammatory condition that affects the heart, joints, and other organs. Learn about the essential components of nursing care for this condition, nursing diagnosis, nursing goals, and nursing interventions, and how nurses can provide effective care for patients with acute rheumatic fever. This nursing guide provides comprehensive care and management strategies for patients with congenital heart disease. Gain knowledge about the nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnosis specific to congenital heart disease in order to provide effective care and support patients with congenital heart disease. Nurses play a critical role in assessing, monitoring, and caring for patients who are experiencing a heart attack. This comprehensive care plan guide focuses on the essential nursing assessment, interventions, nursing care plans and nursing diagnoses for effectively managing patients with myocardial infarction.

Impaired Perfusion Nursing Care Plans Diagnosis and Interventions Impaired Perfusion NCLEX Review and Nursing Care Plans Blood is a connective tissue that transports oxygen and nutrients in the body. When arterial/venous blood flow is insufficient (a mechanism also known as perfusion), it might result in decreased nourishment and oxygenation at the cellular level. Types of Impaired Perfusion • Impaired brain perfusion. The leading cause of impaired brain perfusion is the presence of internal trauma, physical blockage (thrombus or embolus formation), intracranial swelling, intracranial hemorrhage, and • Impaired renal perfusion. Many factors contribute to impaired perfusion in the kidneys; these include a decrease in cardiac output, physical blockage (formation of thrombus), swelling, or hypovolemia. The early indicator of renal perfusion is having a low urinary output and an increase in serum creatinine (assesses renal function) Signs and Symptoms of Impaired Perfusion • Peripheral • Prolonged healing of wounds • Peripheral pulses are weak or absent. • Extended capillary refilling • When the patient is dependent, there is pallor on elevation. • Alterations in skin sensations • Hair loss in the legs • Changes in skin temperature • Cold fingers • Cardiopulmonary • • Arrhythmias • Capillary refill of more than 3 seconds • Increase respiration effort • Abnormal ABGs • Symptoms of coronary syndrome • • Diaphoresis • Bradycardia/Tachycardia • Increased breathing rate • • Alterat...

Chest pain or angina is the discomfort a person experiences when the heart does not get enough oxygen. Chest pain is not a disease itself, but a symptom of an underlying cause. The pain felt in angina can be described as squeezing, dull, sharp, crushing, or burning. Severe chest pain may be described as extreme pressure, such as someone or something sitting on the chest. The pain may radiate to the neck, jaw, or extremities. In this article: • • • • • • • • • Types and Risk Factors Chest pain is essentially a symptom of an underlying problem like There are different types of angina: • Stable Angina. This type of angina is also referred to as angina pectoris and occurs due to CAD with decreased oxygenated blood flow to the heart muscles due to narrowed or blocked arteries. This type of chest pain is often predictable and resolves with rest or medication. • Unstable Angina. This type of angina causes unexpected and sudden chest pain usually occurring while at rest due to a rupture of unstable plaque. Immediate diagnosis and treatment are required. • Variant (Prinzmetal) Angina. Variant angina is characterized by pain caused by coronary vasospasm usually happening between midnight and early morning while the patient is at rest. The major risk factors of angina include the following: • High cholesterol • • • Overweight or • • Metabolic syndrome • Sedentary lifestyle • Unhealthy diet • Family history of heart disease • Old age (men above 45 years old and women above 55 years ol...