Direct and indirect narration

Table of Contents • • • • Exception 1 If the reported clause speaks universal, common or habitual truth, the tenses of reported clause should not be changed while converting speech from direct to indirect, regardless of the tense of reporting verb. Examples Direct Speech Indirect Speech The scientist said, “The earth is round.” The scientist said that the earth is round. The athlete said, “I work out every day.” The athlete said that he works out every day. She said, “The universe is infinite.” She said that the universe is infinite. He said to me, “Delhi is the capital of India.” He said to me that Delhi is the capital of India. The environmentalist said, “We need to protect nature.” The environmentalist said that we need to protect nature. Exception 2 If the reporting verb is in present or future tense, the tense of reported clause should not be changed. Examples Direct Speech Indirect Speech Mother says, “I work hard for my family.” Mother says that she works hard for her family. She will say, “I shall not go to school.” She will say that she will not go to school. The teachers says, “School guides students for their future.’’ The teacher says that school guides students for their future. I say to her, “You are my best friend.” I say to her that she is my best friend.

Back to: Sentence that expresses emotion such as sorrow, joy, wander, pity etc. is called exclamatory sentence. This type of sentence usually uses interjection to express the emotion. Interjections such as – hurrah, alas, sorry, oh/what, bravo convey certain kind of emotion. Narration change of exclamatory sentence depends on the mood the interjection expresses. Certain types of emotion that the interjections convey are given below – Interjection Emotions Hurrah Joy/ happiness/joyful Alas /sorry Sorrow/regret What/how Surprise/wonder Fie Disgust/anger/contempt Bravo Applaud/ praise/ commend Rules • In direct speech of exclamatory sentence an exclamation mark is used after the interjection or at the end of the sentence. This mark is replaced by a full stop after narration change from direct to indirect speech. • The reporting verb changes to exclaimed with joy/happiness or exclaimed with sorrow or disgust depending on the mood of the sentence. • After converting the speech, the interjection should be omitted. • The reporting clause and reported clause is connected with conjunction ‘that’. Examples Direct Speech Indirect Speech He said, “Alas! My cat died.” He exclaimed with sorrow that his cat had died. She said, “How beautiful the night sky looks!” She exclaimed with wonder that the night sky looked very beautiful. The man said, “What an intelligent brain he has.” The man exclaimed with surprise that he had a very intelligent brain. The commander said to them, “Bravo! You ...

Join Here When we convert the speech of a speaker from direct to indirect without changing the meaning is called narration change. Narration is of two kinds. • Direct Speech: Using the same speech of a speaker in the quotation is called direct speech. • Indirect Speech: Using the speech of a speaker without changing the meaning in your own way is called indirect speech. Direct: Badal said to Gopal, “I will sing a song.” Indirect: Badal told Gopal that he would sing a Sang. Direct Speech is divided into two parts. • REPORTING VERB: The part which is separated by a comma is called reporting verb. For example, Badal said to Gopal, • REPORTED SPEECH: The part which is under the inverted comma is called reported speech. For example: “I will sing a song.” Normally “ Kind of sentences • Assertive sentence click here…… • Interrogative sentence • Imperative sentence • Optative sentence • Exclamatory sentence The easiest process of identifying five types of different sentences Assertive sentence: This type of sentence starts with the subject and ends with a full stop. Interrogative sentence: This type of sentence starts with “Wh-words and Helping verb” and ends with interrogation mark (?). Imperative sentence: This type of sentence starts with “Finite verb/ Do not verb/ Never/ Always” and ends with a full stop. Sometimes we find “Please/Kindly” at the starting and end of the sentence. Optative sentence: This type of sentence starts with “Long/ May” and ends with a full stop. Exclama...

Style of narration Free indirect speech is a free indirect discourse, free indirect style, or, in discours indirect libre. Free indirect speech has been described as a "technique of presenting a character's voice partly mediated by the voice of the author" (or, reversing the emphasis, "that the character speaks through the voice of the narrator") with the voices effectively merged. According to British Naming [ ] Randall Stevenson suggests that the term free indirect discourse "is perhaps best reserved for instances where words have actually been spoken aloud" and that cases "where a character's voice is probably the silent inward one of thought" should be described as free indirect style. Distinguishing marks of the technique [ ] Free indirect speech is characterized by these features: • The lack of an introductory expression such as "he said" or "he thought". It is as if the • Free indirect speech can convey the character's words more directly than in normal indirect speech. Devices such as interjections and • "The anomalous presence within third-person, past-tense narrative of linguistic features indicating a character's perspective and voice." • Backshifted exclamations, such as, "How differently did every thing now appear in which he was concerned", an example from • • Exclamatory questions, character-specific locutions and syntactical informalities and fragments. Free indirect discourse can be described as a "technique of presenting a character's voice partly mediate...