Discovery of mitochondria

Show Compounds Show Chemical Terms Show Biomedical Terms Discovery of mitochondria-targeting berberine derivatives as the Shengnan Fu ac, Yanqi Xie a, Jue Tuo a, Yalong Wang a, Wenbo Zhu b, Sihan Wu b, Guangmei Yan b and Haiyan Hu * a a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Waihuan East Road 132, Guangzhou 510006, China. E-mail: b Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan II Road 74, Guangzhou 510080, China c Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of ZhongShan, Sunwen East Road 2, Zhongshan 528403, China Abstract This research aims to synthesize lipophilic berberine derivatives and evaluate their antiglioma effects on C6 and U87 cells. The introduction of substituents with various 50, 1.12–6.12 μM) and blocked migration and invasion by over 60% at lower dose levels. Furthermore, preliminary research about the underlying mechanism for the enhanced antiglioma ability indicated that these analogues preferentially localized into Introduction Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a grade IV astrocytoma, is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor. 1 Despite multiple therapies, patients suffering from GBM lives typically less than 14 months after diagnosis. 2 One subtle characteristic of GBM is the highly invasive behavior, conferring glioma cells with the propensity of rapidly infiltrating neighboring normal tissue and making the complete surgical resection impossible. 3 Actually, after surgical rem...

Cells have responded to stresses which cause proteins to come out of solution by evolving unfolded protein response mechanisms. In eukaryotic cells there are several such mechanisms covering the whole cell and sub-celllular organelles. This review describes discoveries that describe the unfolded protein response in the matrix compartment of mitochondria (mtUPRR) of mammalian cells. • Abravaya K, Phillips B, Morimoto RI (1991) Heat shock-induced interactions of heat shock transcription factor and the human hsp70 promoter examined by in vivo footprinting. Mol Cell Biol 11:586–592 • Aldridge JE, Horibe T, Hoogenraad NJ (2007) Discovery of genes activated by the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR) and cognate promoter elements. PLoS One 2:e874 • Desjardins P, Frost E, Morais R (1985) Ethidium bromide induced loss of mitochondrial DNA from primary chicken embryo fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 5:1163–1169 • Hartl FU, Bracher U, Hayer-Hartl M (2011) Molecular chaperones in protein folding and proteostasis. Nature 475:324–332 • Haynes CM, Yang Y, Blais SP, Neubert TA, Ron D (2010) The matrix peptide exporter haf-1 signals a mitochondrial unfolded protein response by activating the transcription factor zc376.7 in C. elegans. Mol. Cell 37:529–540 • Horibe T, Hoogenraad NJ (2007) The chop gene contains an element for the positive regulation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. PLoS One 2:e835 • Kim YK, Kim KS, Lee AS (1987) Regulation of the glucose-regulated prote...

1 2 Scientists discover key information about the function of mitochondria in cancer cells Investigators say findings could lead to new approaches to cancer treatment Date: March 15, 2023 Source: University of California - Los Angeles Health Sciences Summary: A newstudy represents a first step towards generating highly detailed 3-dimensional maps of lung tumors using genetically engineered mouse models. Share: Scientists have long known that mitochondria, the "powerhouses" of cells, play a crucial role in the metabolism and energy production of cancer cells. However, until now, little was known about the relationship between the structural organization of mitochondrial networks and their functional bioenergetic activity at the level of whole tumors. In a new study, published in Nature, researchers from the UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center used positron emission tomography (PET) in combination with electron microscopy to generate 3-dimensional ultra-resolution maps of mitochondrial networks in lung tumors of genetically engineered mice. They categorized the tumors based on mitochondrial activity and other factors using an artificial intelligence technique called deep learning, quantifying the mitochondrial architecture across hundreds of cells and thousands of mitochondria throughout the tumor. The authors examined two main subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) -- adenocarcinomas and squamous-cell carcinomas and found distinct subpopulations of mitochondria...

Mitochondria and chloroplasts likely evolved from engulfed prokaryotes that once lived as independent organisms. At some point, a eukaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic prokaryote, which then formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the host eukaryote, gradually developing into a mitochondrion. Eukaryotic cells containing mitochondria then engulfed photosynthetic prokaryotes, which evolved to become specialized chloroplast organelles.

Prokaryotic endosymbiont-derived organelles (i.e. mitochondria and chloroplasts) contain their own genomes and the copy number of organelle genomes per cell is high; indeed, a previous study calculated that in Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana), each cell has 1,000 to 1,700 copies of the chloroplast genome ( Emerging research has begun to identify the nucleases that reduce genome copy number. A previous study found an exonuclease termed DEFECTIVE IN POLLEN ORGANELLE DNA DEGRADATION1 (DPD1), which degrades the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) and the chloroplast genome after mitosis during pollen cell development ( Plant Physiology, Ma et al. searched for a mitochondrial endonuclease through a multistep, biochemical purification based on in-gel detection of endonuclease activity ( Zea mays) pollen. This heroic effort was successful, as they purified a 20-kD polypeptide, M20 ( A, The novel endonuclease M20 was identified through a multistep purification from maize mitochondria (adapted from Database searches revealed that M20 is evolutionarily conserved in the plant kingdom, and the authors found the Arabidopsis M20 homolog. The Arabidopsis M20 transcript is up-regulated during pollen mitosis and the M20 localizes in mitochondria. To evaluate the physiological importance of M20 in Arabidopsis, the authors generated a knockout mutant line by using CRISPR/Cas9. In the m20 mutants, the decrease in mtDNA content during pollen development was suppressed compared with wild-type plant...