Easy diagram of nephron

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Distinguish the histological differences between the renal cortex and medulla • Describe the structure of the filtration membrane • Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules, and renal capillaries • Discuss the function of the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta • Describe the structure and function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus • Describe the histology and functional significance of the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting ducts Nephrons are the “functional units” of the kidney; they cleanse the blood of toxins and balance the constituents of the circulation to homeostatic set points through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. The nephrons also function to control blood pressure (via production of renin), red blood cell production (via the hormone erythropoetin), and calcium absorption (via conversion of calcidiol into calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D). Each nephron consists of a blood supply and a specialized network of ducts called a tubule. For each nephron, an afferent arteriole feeds a high-pressure capillary bed called the glomerulus. Blood is filtered by the glomerulus to produce a fluid which is caught by the nephron tubule, called filtrate. The proximal end of the tubule that surrounds the glomerulus and catches the filtered fluid is the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule. ...

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How does the urinary system work? The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra. The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. After the body has taken the food components that it needs, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood. The kidney and urinary systems help the body to eliminate liquid waste called urea, and tokeep chemicals, such as potassium and sodium, and water in balance. Urea is produced when foods containing protein, such as meat, poultry, and certain vegetables, are broken down in the body. Urea is carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is removed along with water and other wastes in the form of urine. Other important functions of the kidneys include blood pressure regulation and the production of erythropoietin, which controls red blood cell production in the bone marrow. Kidneys also regulate the acid-base balance and conserve fluids. Kidney and urinary system parts and their functions • Two kidneys.This pair of purplish-brown organsis located below the ribs toward the middle of the back. Their function is to: • Remove waste products and drugs from the body • Balance the body's fluids • Release hormones to regulate blood pressure • Control production of red blood cells The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron con...

• 1 Structure • 1.1 Endothelial Cells • 1.2 Glomerular Basement Membrane • 1.3 Epithelial Cells • 2 Ultrafiltration • 3 Clinical Relevance • 4 Minimal Change Glomerulonephritis • 5 Alport Syndrome The glomerulus is a loop of capillaries twisted into a ball shape, surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule. This is where ultrafiltration of blood occurs, the first step in urine production. The filtration barrier consists of 3 components: • Endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries • Glomerular basement membrane • Epithelial cells of Bowman’s Capsule ( podocytes) This article shall consider the structure of the filtration barrier, filtration and relevant clinical conditions. Structure Endothelial Cells The glomerular capillary endothelium has many perforations called fenestrae, which are pores about 70nm in diameter. These pores actually do not restrict the movement of water and proteins or large molecules but instead prevent the filtration of blood cells (e.g. RBCs). Surrounding the luminal surface of the endothelial cells is a glycocalyx consisting of negatively charged glycosaminoglycans. This functions to hinder the diffusion of negatively charged molecules by repelling them due to like charges. Glomerular Basement Membrane The basement membrane surrounds the capillary endothelium and is mostly made up of type IV collagen, heparan sulfate proteoglycans and laminin. In particular, heparan sulfate proteoglycans help restrict the movement of negatively charged molecules across the...

Kidney & Nephron – Diagram The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates and some invertebrates that function to maintain water balance and also excrete metabolic wastes. The human kidney is located below the diaphragm and behind the peritoneum. It is usually 10-12 cm long and is made up of repetitive units called nephrons. Find out the simple diagram of the human kidney below with all the parts explained. Well-Labelled Human Kidney Diagram Structure of the Kidney • The bean-shaped structure of the kidney is composed of both concave and convex borders. • A small curvature called renal hilum is present on the concave face of the kidney from where the renal artery enters the kidney, and renal vein and ureter leave the kidney. • The renal capsule is a tough fibrous tissue that surrounds the kidney and is itself covered by a layer of perirenal fat. This capsule protects the kidney from outside trauma and injury. • The kidney is divided into two major zones – the outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla. • The renal cortex surrounds a portion of the medulla to form the renal pyramids. • Pelvis is a funnel-shaped part of the ureter that extends from the kidney and is formed by the union of major and minor calyces (sing: calyx). • The renal calyces are present surrounding the renal pyramids. Calyces are chambers through which urine passes. • The renal artery supplies blood to the kidney, whereas renal veins drain the kidney blood and further connect it to ...

Hint: Nephron is the functional and structural unit of the kidneys that consists of glomerulus and its associated tubules to which the glomerular filtrate passes before it emerges in urine. There are about millions of nephrons present in the kidney. Complete Answer: 1) Nephrons are the structural units that are composed of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule. It is a tube-like structure and 30-55mm long in length. 2) Renal tubule is a long, convoluted structure that emerges from glomerulus and further divided into 3 parts: proximal convoluted tubule (PCT); Henle’s loop; distal convoluted tubule. 3) PCT stays in the renal cortex due to its proximity to the glomerulus. The second part is Henle’s loop is also called a nephritic loop because it forms a loop that goes through renal medulla. Distal convoluted tubule which is the third part of renal tubule is also restricted to the renal cortex. 4) A cup-like structure called Bowman's capsule in which capillaries of glomerulus are enclosed. Then Bowman’s capsule extends to highly coiled tubules called proximal convoluted tubules (PCT). 5) PCT continues to form a Henle’s loop that ascends to DCT and which in turn opens into the collecting duct. Collecting duct is straight, long where potassium and hydrogen ions are secreted to maintain the electrolytic balance of blood. 6) Renal corpuscle consists of glomerulus that is surrounded by Bowman’s capsule. Glomerulus arises from afferent arteriole and empty in efferent arteriole.