Energy required for atp synthesis in ps2 comes from

All Subjects • The Scope of Biochemistry • • • • • • • • • The Importance of Weak Interactions • • • • • • Introduction to Biological Energy Flow • • • • • • • • • Overview of Biological Information Flow • • • • • Protein Structure • • • • • • • Oxygen Binding by Myoglobin and Hemoglobin • • • • • Enzymes • • • • • • • Organization of Metabolism • • • • Glycolysis • • • • • The Tricarboxylic Acid TCA Cycle • • • • Oxidative Phosphorylation • • • • • • Carbohydrate Metabolism II • • • ATP Synthesis ATP synthesis involves the transfer of electrons from the intermembrane space, through the inner membrane, back to the matrix. The transfer of electrons from the matrix to the intermembrane space leads to a substantial pH difference between the two sides of the membrane (about 1.4 pH units). Mitchell recognized that this represents a large energy difference, because the chemiosmotic potential is actually composed of two components. One component is the difference in hydrogen ion concentration (pH out ‐ pH in), symbolized by the term ΔpH. The other component follows from the fact that protons are positively charged, so there is a difference in electrical potential symbolized by the term ΔΨ. The proton gradient results in a state where the intermembrane space is positive and acidic relative to the matrix. The shorthand for this situation is: positive out, negative in; acidic out, basic in. Quantitatively, the energy gradient across the membrane is the sum of the energies due to the...

https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_and_General_Biology%2FBook%253A_General_Biology_(Boundless)%2F08%253A_Photosynthesis%2F8.06%253A_The_Light-Dependent_Reactions_of_Photosynthesis_-_Processes_of_the_Light-Dependent_Reactions How Light-Dependent Reactions Work The overall function of light-dependent reactions, the first stage of photosynthesis, is to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP, which are used in light-independent reactions and fuel the assembly of sugar molecules. Protein complexes and pigment molecules work together to produce NADPH and ATP. Producing Chemical Energy Light energy is converted into chemical energy in a multiprotein complex called a photosystem. Two types of photosystems, photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII), are found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast. Each photosystem consists of multiple antenna proteins that contain a mixture of 300–400 chlorophyll a and b molecules, as well as other pigments like carotenoids. Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase are also major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane that work with the photosystems to create ATP and NADPH. Figure \(\PageIndex\): Photosystem II: In the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center, energy from sunlight is used to extract electrons from water. The electrons travel through the chloroplast electron transport chain to photosystem I (PSI), which re...

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Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are the major constituents of foods and serve as fuel molecules for the human body. The digestion (breaking down into smaller pieces) of these nutrients in the alimentary tract and the subsequent absorption (entry into the bloodstream) of the digestive end products make it possible for tissues and cells to transform the potential chemical energy of food into useful work. The major absorbed end products of food digestion are monosaccharides, mainly glucose (from carbohydrates); monoacylglycerol and long-chain fatty acids (from lipids); and small peptides and amino acids (from protein). Once in the bloodstream, different cells can metabolize these nutrients. We have long known that these three classes of molecules are fuel sources for human metabolism, yet it is a common misconception (especially among undergraduates) that human cells use only glucose as a source of energy. This misinformation may arise from the way most textbooks explain energy metabolism, emphasizing glycolysis (the metabolic pathway for glucose degradation) and omitting fatty acid or amino acid oxidation. Here we discuss how the three nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids) are metabolized in human cells in a way that may help avoid this oversimplified view of the metabolism. During the eighteenth century, the initial studies, developed by Joseph Black, Joseph Priestley, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, and Antoine Lavoisier, played a special role in identifying two gases,...

Solution: Photosystem II ( PS II ) is a photosynthetic pigment system alongwith some electron carriers that is located in the appressed part of the grana thylakoids. PS II has chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids. It picks up electron released during photolysis of water. The same is extruded on absorption of light energy. As the extruded electron passes over cytochrome b 6 ​ − f complex, it energises passage of protons picked up by PQ to create protons gradient for synthesis of A TP from A D P and inorganic phosphate. This photophosphorylation is non-cyclic.

https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_and_General_Biology%2FBook%253A_General_Biology_(Boundless)%2F08%253A_Photosynthesis%2F8.06%253A_The_Light-Dependent_Reactions_of_Photosynthesis_-_Processes_of_the_Light-Dependent_Reactions How Light-Dependent Reactions Work The overall function of light-dependent reactions, the first stage of photosynthesis, is to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP, which are used in light-independent reactions and fuel the assembly of sugar molecules. Protein complexes and pigment molecules work together to produce NADPH and ATP. Producing Chemical Energy Light energy is converted into chemical energy in a multiprotein complex called a photosystem. Two types of photosystems, photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII), are found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast. Each photosystem consists of multiple antenna proteins that contain a mixture of 300–400 chlorophyll a and b molecules, as well as other pigments like carotenoids. Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase are also major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane that work with the photosystems to create ATP and NADPH. Figure \(\PageIndex\): Photosystem II: In the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center, energy from sunlight is used to extract electrons from water. The electrons travel through the chloroplast electron transport chain to photosystem I (PSI), which re...

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are the major constituents of foods and serve as fuel molecules for the human body. The digestion (breaking down into smaller pieces) of these nutrients in the alimentary tract and the subsequent absorption (entry into the bloodstream) of the digestive end products make it possible for tissues and cells to transform the potential chemical energy of food into useful work. The major absorbed end products of food digestion are monosaccharides, mainly glucose (from carbohydrates); monoacylglycerol and long-chain fatty acids (from lipids); and small peptides and amino acids (from protein). Once in the bloodstream, different cells can metabolize these nutrients. We have long known that these three classes of molecules are fuel sources for human metabolism, yet it is a common misconception (especially among undergraduates) that human cells use only glucose as a source of energy. This misinformation may arise from the way most textbooks explain energy metabolism, emphasizing glycolysis (the metabolic pathway for glucose degradation) and omitting fatty acid or amino acid oxidation. Here we discuss how the three nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids) are metabolized in human cells in a way that may help avoid this oversimplified view of the metabolism. During the eighteenth century, the initial studies, developed by Joseph Black, Joseph Priestley, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, and Antoine Lavoisier, played a special role in identifying two gases,...

The correct option is D Proton gradient The proton gradient is formed due to accumulation of protons on the lumen side of the thylakoid. Also, the transport of electrons through the photosystem moves protons from the stroma to the lumen side, decreasing the proton concentration in the stroma and increasing it on the lumen side. This results in the generation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. The ATPase enzyme breaks down this proton gradient and uses its energy for the synthesis of ATP molecules.

All Subjects • The Scope of Biochemistry • • • • • • • • • The Importance of Weak Interactions • • • • • • Introduction to Biological Energy Flow • • • • • • • • • Overview of Biological Information Flow • • • • • Protein Structure • • • • • • • Oxygen Binding by Myoglobin and Hemoglobin • • • • • Enzymes • • • • • • • Organization of Metabolism • • • • Glycolysis • • • • • The Tricarboxylic Acid TCA Cycle • • • • Oxidative Phosphorylation • • • • • • Carbohydrate Metabolism II • • • ATP Synthesis ATP synthesis involves the transfer of electrons from the intermembrane space, through the inner membrane, back to the matrix. The transfer of electrons from the matrix to the intermembrane space leads to a substantial pH difference between the two sides of the membrane (about 1.4 pH units). Mitchell recognized that this represents a large energy difference, because the chemiosmotic potential is actually composed of two components. One component is the difference in hydrogen ion concentration (pH out ‐ pH in), symbolized by the term ΔpH. The other component follows from the fact that protons are positively charged, so there is a difference in electrical potential symbolized by the term ΔΨ. The proton gradient results in a state where the intermembrane space is positive and acidic relative to the matrix. The shorthand for this situation is: positive out, negative in; acidic out, basic in. Quantitatively, the energy gradient across the membrane is the sum of the energies due to the...

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