Finkelstein reaction

Further Information Related Reactions Finkelstein Reaction Treatment of a primary alkyl halide or pseudohalide with an alkali metal halide (e.g. KF, KI) leads to replacement of the halogen via an N2 Reaction. Mechanism of the Finkelstein Reaction The equilibrium position of the reaction depends on the nucleophilicity of the anion, whether a good leaving group is present, and whether one anion is better stabilized than the other in a given solvent (see In general, the reaction is run with an excess of the metal halide. The use of metal salts that have a high lattice energy require the addition of a crown ether (compare the reaction times for KF and CsF in the example above). The equilibrium position of the reaction also depends on the solubility of the metal salt in the solvent used. Thus, the substitution of bromo- and chloroalkanes with KI in acetone leads cleanly to the desired iodoalkane products, since KCl and KBr are insoluble in acetone and are consequently removed from the equilibrium: Recent Literature A Facile and Green Protocol for Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Sulfonate Esters by Recyclable Ionic Liquids [bmim][X] Y. Liu, Y. Xu, S. H. Jung, J. Chae, Synlett, 2012, 23, 2663-2666. Synergistic Effect of Two Solvents, tert-Alcohol and Ionic Liquid, in One Molecule in Nucleophilic Fluorination S. S. Shinde, B. S. Lee, D. Y. Chi, Org. Lett., 2008, 10, 733-735. Pyrene-Tagged Ionic Liquids: Separable Organic Catalysts for S N2 Fluorination A. Taher, K. C. Lee, ...

The Finkelstein test, also called the Finkelstein sign or maneuver, is used to diagnose Doctors, physiotherapists, and other trained professionals use the Finkelstein test to differentiate de Quervain’s tenosynovitis from other wrist conditions. The practitioner performs the test in three stages, moving your hand into certain positions. Pain in these positions is a sign that you have de Quervain’s tenosynovitis. Read on to learn more about how medical professionals perform the Finkelstein test and why they use it. Medical professionals usually perform the Finkelstein test in three stages with increasing levels of pressure. Stage 1 The practitioner will instruct you to move your arm so that your wrist is at the end of the treatment table and your thumb is facing up. You’ll perform all three stages of the test from this position. In this stage, the practitioner will ask you to relax your forehand. If you have severe inflammation, you might feel pain in this position. Stage 2 If stage 1 doesn’t cause pain, the practitioner will apply gentle downward pressure to your hand to assess whether you experience pain. Stage 3 If you don’t experience pain in the first two stages, your practitioner will perform the original version of the test. They will grasp your thumb and flex it into the palm of your hand and ask if you feel pain. Many health professionals, textbooks, and journals confuse the Finkelstein test with another test called Eichhoff’s test. During Eichhoff’s test: • The te...

Finkelstein Reaction The Finkelstein reaction is a Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular reaction ( S N 2 Reaction) that involves the exchange of halogen atoms. It is named after Hans Finkelstein, a German chemist. It is an S N 2 Reaction) reaction with stereochemistry inversion. The classic Finkelstein reaction involves the process of an alkyl bromide or an alkyl chloride into an alkyl iodide which is treated with a sodium iodide solution in acetone. As the sodium iodide is soluble in the acetone, but sodium bromide and sodium chloride are not soluble in the acetone. The reaction works good with the primary halides but better with α-carbonyl halides and allyl benzyl. For instance: The bromoethane can be converted to iodoethane: \(\begin \) The success of this reaction depends on the below conditions. • Nucleophilicity • Nature of group • Carbon-halogen bond • Alkyl Halide reactivity In the modern usage of the Finkelstein reaction, it has expanded including in the process of changing alcohols to alkyl halides by converting the alcohol to a sulfonate ester in the first stage, and then the substitution changes. For Example: Synthesis of chrysochlamic acid.