Function of cerebellum

The cerebellum is the part of the brain located at the back, inferior to the occipital and • It plays a primary role in balance and posture, but is also involved in movement, motor learning, and even some cognitive functions Cerebellum Location The cerebellum is a part of the hindbrain, or rhombencephalon, and is positioned right behind the brainstem and midbrain, below the cerebral lobes. It is sometimes referred to as the "little brain" because it looks like a miniature version of the cerebrum. The cerebellum is located at the bottom and back of the brain, below the occipital lobe and behind the brainstem. The cerebellum is made up of two major parts: • There are two cerebellar nuclei which are located in the innermost parts of the cerebellum; they are the main output structures • Each nuclei is surrounded by cerebellar cortex tissue, which contains most of the neurons in the cerebellum. What Is the Cerebellum? Your brain is one of the most complex and powerful organs in your body. It works as the computer mainframe, controlling the activities of all the other systems in the body. Due to its complexity in the human body, the human brain has developed compartments to specialize in particular functions. Of those compartments, the second largest is known as the cerebellum. The cerebellum was initially thought to be responsible for movement because damage to this brain area causes impairments in voluntary motion and posture. Research has clarified this structure's role in mo...

Scanning speech Causes enunciation of individual syllables: “the British parliament” becomes “the Brit-tish Par-la-ment.” Nystagmus Fast phase toward side of cerebellar lesion. Finger to nose & finger to finger test Ask patient to fully extend arm then touch nose or ask them to touch their nose then fully extend to touch your finger. You increase the difficulty of this test by adding resistance to the patient's movements or move your finger to different locations. Abnormality of this is called dysmetria. Rapid alternating movements Ask patient to place one hand over the next and have them flip one hand back and forth as fast as possible (alternatively you can ask the patient to quickly tap their foot on the floor as fast as possible) if abnormal, this is called dysdiadochokinesia. Rebound phenomenon (of Stewart & Holmes) Have the patient pull on your hand and when they do, slip your hand out of their grasp. Normally the antagonists muscles will contract and stop their arm from moving in the desired direction. A positive sign is seen in a spastic limb where the exaggerated "rebound" occurs with movement in the opposite direction. However in cerebellar disease this response is completely absent causing to limb to continue moving in the desired direction. (Be careful that you protect the patient from the unarrested movement causing them to strike themselves.) Heel to shin test Have patient run their heel down the contralateral shin (this is equivalent the finger to nose test)...

Synonyms: Cerebellar tentorium The tentorium cerebelli (Latin for "tent of the cerebellum") is an invagination of the meningeal layer of the supratentorial and infratentorial spaces and covers the cerebellum like a tent (hence its name!). In terms of function, the tent shape of the tentorium cerebelli ensures that the cerebellum and underlying brainstem are protected from the pressure caused by the heavier upper part of the brain. This article will discuss the Key facts about the tentorium cerebelli Definition The tentorium cerebelli is an invagination of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum and brainstem. Attachments Anterior margin: Anterior clinoid process Lateral margin: Superior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone, posterior clinoid process Posterior margin: Internal occipital protuberance, lips of the groove for transverse sinus Relations Anterior margin: Cavernous sinus Lateral margin: Superior petrosal sinuses Posterior margin: Transverse sinus Posterior part: Straight sinus Function Protects the cerebellum and infratentorial brainstem from pressure by suspending the lobes of the brain. Synonyms: Pachymeninx The The dura mater is a strong, double-layered membrane, composed of the periosteal layer, which adheres to the meningeal layer, which surrounds the brain and spinal cord. In some regions and fissures of the brain, the meningeal layer of dura mater projects inwards to form four dural partitio...

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Your pons is a part of your brainstem, a structure that links your brain to your spinal cord. It handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing. It also contains several junction points for nerves that control muscles and carry information from senses in your head and face. Overview What is the pons? Your pons is the second-lowest section of your Your pons is a key merging point for several of your cranial nerves, which are nerves with direct connections to your brain. Those nerve connections are vital, helping with several of the senses on or in your head, plus your ability to move various parts of your face and mouth. Function What is the function of the pons? Your pons is a part of your brainstem, which links your brain to your spinal cord. That makes your pons a vital section of your Key jobs Your pons handles several important jobs on its own. • It influences your sleep cycle. Your pons sets your body’s level of alertness when you wake up. • It manages pain signals. Your pons relays and regulates the signals that give you the sensation of pain from anywhere in your body below your neck. • It works with other brain structures. Your pons is a key connection point to your cerebellum, another key part of your brain that handles balance and movement. It also works cooperatively with other parts of your brainstem that manage your breathing. Cranial nerve connections In addition, your pons contains several key junctions for four of your 1...

The cerebellum can be found just below your cerebrum and behind the upper portion of your brain stem. This is the area at the base of your skull where your head meets your neck. The cerebellum is divided up into three different parts called lobes. These lobes are separated from each other by deep grooves called fissures. There are two major components of the cerebellum: • Cerebellar cortex: This is a layer of thin, heavily folded tissue that contains most of the nerve cells in the cerebellum. • Cerebellar nuclei: Found deep within the cerebellum , the nerve cells of the cerebellar nuclei are primarily involved in sending information from the cerebellum. The cerebellum only accounts for about 10 percent of your brain’s total size. Although it’s much smaller than the cerebrum, it contains significantly more Some estimates say that the cerebellum contains about Your cerebellum receives input from other areas of your • the cerebrum • brain stem • It then uses this information to regulate and coordinate voluntary movements. Voluntary movements are movements that you can control, such as walking or throwing a baseball. In addition to voluntary movements, the cerebellum is also involved in coordination of the following: • Balance and posture: Your cerebellum works with sensory input from your eyes and ears to keep you upright and steady. • Motor learning: This involves the learning and fine-tuning of various movements. Examples include the specific, precise movements used for wri...

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • Key Points • The cerebellum is essential for making fine adjustments to motor actions. Cerebellar dysfunction primarily results in problems with motor control. • Four principles are important to cerebellar processing: feedforward processing, divergence and convergence, modularity, and plasticity. • Signal processing in the cerebellum is almost entirely feedforward. Signals move through the system from input to output with very little internal transmission. • The cerebellum both receives input and transmits output via a limited number of cells. • The cerebellar system is divided into thousands of independent modules with similar structure. Key Terms • neural divergence: When a neuron fires and the signal is sent to many other neurons. • neuroplasticity: Changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, or bodily injury. • feedforward processing: A property of some neural circuits where signals move unidirectionally through the system from input to output with very little recurrent internal transmission. Examining the consequences of damage to the the cerebellum provides the strongest clues to its function. Animals and humans with cerebellar dysfunction show problems with motor control. They can still generate motor activity, but lose precision and produce erratic, uncoordinated, or incorrectly timed movements. Functional imaging studies have also shown cerebellar activation in relation to langua...

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • Cerebellar function was once believed to be motor-specific, but newer findings suggest the cerebellum is also involved in higher-level brain processing.