Genetic diversity

Classic concepts of genetic (gene) diversity (heterozygosity) such as Nei & Li’s nucleotide diversity were defined within a population context. Although variations are often measured in population context, the basic carriers of variation are individuals. Hence, measuring variations such as SNP of an individual against a reference genome, which has been ignored previously, is certainly in its own right. Indeed, similar practice has been a tradition in community ecology, where the basic unit of diversity measure is individual community sample. We propose to use Renyi’s-entropy-based Hill numbers to define individual-level genetic diversity and similarity and demonstrate the definitions with the SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) datasets from the 1000-Genomes Project. Hill numbers, derived from Renyi’s entropy (of which Shannon’s entropy is a special case), have found widely applications including measuring the quantum information entanglement and ecological diversity. The demonstrated individual-level SNP diversity not only complements the existing population-level genetic diversity concepts, but also offers building blocks for comparative genetic analysis at higher levels. The concept of individual covers, but is not limited to, individual chromosome, region of chromosome, gene cluster(s), or whole genome. Similarly, the SNP can be replaced by other structural variants or mutation types such as indels. SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism) are single-nucleotide substitut...

Background Genome-wide association studies have detected a large number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with complex traits in diverse ancestral groups. However, the trans-ethnic similarity and diversity of genetic architecture is not well understood currently. Results By leveraging summary statistics of 37 traits from East Asian ( N max=254,373) or European ( N max=693,529) populations, we first evaluated the trans-ethnic genetic correlation ( ρ g) and found substantial evidence of shared genetic overlap underlying these traits between the two populations, with \(\) ranging from 0.53 (se = 0.11) for adult-onset asthma to 0.98 (se = 0.17) for hemoglobin A1c. However, 88.9% of the genetic correlation estimates were significantly less than one, indicating potential heterogeneity in genetic effect across populations. We next identified common associated SNPs using the conjunction conditional false discovery rate method and observed 21.7% of trait-associated SNPs can be identified simultaneously in both populations. Among these shared associated SNPs, 20.8% showed heterogeneous influence on traits between the two ancestral populations. Moreover, we demonstrated that population-common associated SNPs often exhibited more consistent linkage disequilibrium and allele frequency pattern across ancestral groups compared to population-specific or null ones. We also revealed population-specific associated SNPs were much likely to undergo natural selection compared...

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Various plants and animals inhabit an ecosystem. This variety in the various life forms living in an ecosystem is called biodiversity. Furthermore, biodiversity has different levels, which are - species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity. The genetic make-up of every individual is different. And this is determined by the genes or heredity. Genes evolve over a period depending upon the environmental conditions and help individuals and communities survive the stressful conditions and reproduce to keep the species going. Thus, genetic diversity is a means by which the We will study more about genetic diversity and its aspects in this chapter. What is Genetic Diversity? (Image will be uploaded soon) Genetic diversity indicates a greater number of genetically different individuals within the same species. It is the way by which a population of organisms survives the changing environments. More genetic variation suggests a greater number of individuals with a variety of alleles that help sustain the organisms in the changing Some Attributes of Genetic Diversity • It occurs as a result of gene recombination in the process of inheritance. • Genetic diversity changes with space and time. • One of the key aspects of genetic diversity in sexual reproduction because it produces unique offspring by a combination of parental genes. • Gene mutation, genetic drift, gene flow also lead to genetic diversity. Significance of Genetic Diversity Genetic diversity helps indivi...

Human genetic variation is the genetic differences in and among No two humans are genetically identical. Even The human genome has a total length of approximately 3.2 billion Comparatively speaking, humans are a genetically homogeneous species. Although a small number of genetic variants are found more frequently in certain geographic regions or in people with ancestry from those regions, this variation accounts for a small portion (~15%) of human genome variability. The majority of variation exists within the members of each human population. For comparison, The lack of discontinuities in genetic distances between human populations, absence of discrete branches in the human species, and striking homogeneity of human beings globally, imply that there is no scientific basis for inferring races or subspecies in humans, and for most within populations than between them. The study of human genetic variation has evolutionary significance and medical applications. It can help scientists reconstruct and understand patterns of past human migration. In medicine, study of human genetic variation may be important because some disease-causing alleles occur more often in certain population groups. For instance, the mutation for sickle-cell anemia is more often found in people with ancestry from certain sub-Saharan African, south European, Arabian, and Indian populations, due to the evolutionary pressure from mosquitos carrying malaria in these regions. New findings show that each human...

Often when we think of biological diversity, what first comes to mind are all the different species on Earth. But that’s only part of the story. Biodiversity is also the incredible variety within a species. Trillions of characteristics are hidden in organisms’ genomes; the result of all the biological information from thousands of ancestors and millions of years of evolution. All the biological data and variation that makes life on our planet work is encoded in DNA. This is known as genetic diversity. It strengthens the ability of species and populations to resist diseases, pests, changes in climate and other stresses. Gene variations underpin their capacity to evolve and their flexibility to adapt. Food and Genetic Diversity One way to better understand the importance of genetic diversity is to consider what happens when it is severely reduced. The FAO has warned that Unsustainable agricultural practices can contribute to genetic uniformity in the agriculture sector. Earth’s genetic library is also under threat from habitat loss and habitat fragmentation, which prevent different populations of the same species from mingling. Safeguarding Genetic Diversity At the global, national and local levels, steps are being taken to safeguard this critical natural resource. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are developing goals, targets and indicators for genetic diversity for inclusion in the Other international instruments addressing genetic diversity include ...

What is genetic diversity? “Genetic” means related to traits passed from parent to offspring “Diversity” means having a range of different things Genetic Diversity refers to the range of different inherited traits within a species. In a species with high genetic diversity, there would be many individuals with a wide variety of different traits. Genetic diversity is critical for a population to adapt to changing environments. If a highly selected and low diversity strain, like fish populations grown for aquaculture, is introduced into the wild population, it will reduce the population’s ability to adapt to changes. For an activity featuring genetic diversity, find the

• Lewontin's paradox — the much larger variation in species abundance than in genetic diversity — is closer to being explained. • The reproductive strategy of species has an impact on genome-wide diversity, providing a connection between population dynamic processes and the long-term effective population size ( N e). • Selection at linked sites also affects genome-wide diversity, but not to an extent that it is sufficient alone to explain Lewontin's paradox. • Selection and demography, among other factors, contribute to variation in N e within genomes and leads to variation in diversity in different genomic regions of the same species. Genetic polymorphism varies among species and within genomes, and has important implications for the evolution and conservation of species. The determinants of this variation have been poorly understood, but population genomic data from a wide range of organisms now make it possible to delineate the underlying evolutionary processes, notably how variation in the effective population size ( N e) governs genetic diversity. Comparative population genomics is on its way to providing a solution to 'Lewontin's paradox' — the discrepancy between the many orders of magnitude of variation in population size and the much narrower distribution of diversity levels. It seems that linked selection plays an important part both in the overall genetic diversity of a species and in the variation in diversity within the genome. Genetic diversity also seems to ...