Glycolysis pathway energetics and significance

Glycolysis – Pathway, energetics and significance Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics and significance HMP shunt and its significance; Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD) Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus Download Carbohydrates Most Important Questions: • Outline reactions of the citric acid cycle. Give energetic of the cycle and explain amphibolic role of the cycle. • Outline hexose monophosphate shunt reactions. Discuss biological significance of the shunt. • Give outline of glycolysis. What are its regulatory steps? What is the energy yield of this pathway? • Define glycogenolysis? Outline the reactions of this pathway. • What is glycogenesis? Give reaction of glycogenesis? • Explain: • Why aerobic glycosis realease more energy than anaerobic glycolysis? • How glycolysis can be reversed? • Citric acid cycle and its energetics. • Discuss briefly: • Hormonal regulation of blood glucose • Glycogenolysis • Diabetes mellitus Glycogenesis • Gluconeogenesis • Energetics of the citric acid cycle • Oxidation of pyruvate to accetyl CoA • Write notes on : • Glycogen storage diseases • Cori cycle • Type I and type II diabetes mellitus • Diabetic ketoacidosis • Metabolic syndrome • Renal glycosuria • Biochemical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus Carbohydrates Metabolism biochemistry,pharmaceutical jurisprudence,biochemistry imp...

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe how the body digests carbohydrates • Describe how, when, and why the body metabolizes carbohydrates • Explain the processes of glycolysis • Describe the pathway of a pyruvate molecule through the Krebs cycle • Explain the transport of electrons through the electron transport chain • Describe the process of ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation • Summarize the process of gluconeogenesis Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The family of carbohydrates includes both simple and complex sugars. Glucose and fructose are examples of simple sugars, and starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all examples of complex sugars. The complex sugars are also called polysaccharides and are made of multiple monosaccharide molecules. Polysaccharides serve as energy storage (e.g., starch and glycogen) and as structural components (e.g., chitin in insects and cellulose in plants). During digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into simple, soluble sugars that can be transported across the intestinal wall into the circulatory system to be transported throughout the body. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with the action of salivary amylase on starches, continues in the duodenum with the action of pancreatic amylase, and ends with monosaccharides being absorbed across the epithelium of the small intestine. Once the absorbed monosaccharides are transporte...

glycolysis pathway, energetics and significance.pdf • in oxidative breakdown of larger complexes. They are usually exergonic in nature ANABOLIC PATHWAYS Are involved in the synthesis of compounds. They are usually endergonic in nature. • Metabolic pathways are mostly irreversible 2. Every metabolic pathway has a committed first step. 3. All metabolic pathways are regulated. 4. Metabolic pathways in eukaryotic cells occur in specific cellular locations. • a merger of two Greek words: Glykys = sweet Lysis = breakdown/ splitting It is also known as Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway or EMP pathway. • the sequence of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate with simultaneous production on of ATP. • In this oxidative process, 1mol of glucose is partially oxidised to 2 moles of pyruvate. • This major pathway of glucose metabolism occurs in the cytosol of all cell. • This unique pathway occurs aerobically as well as anaerobically & doesn’t involve molecular oxygen. • includes formation of Lactate from Pyruvate. • The glycolytic sequence of reactions differ from species to species only in the mechanism of its regulation & in the subsequent metabolic fate of the pyruvate formed. • In aerobic organisms, glycolysis is the prelude to Citric acid cycle and ETC. • Glycolysis is the central pathway for Glucose catabolism. • wall polysachharide. Glycogen, Starch, Sucrose Pyruvate Ribose-5- phosphat e Oxidation via pentose phosphate pathway Synthesis of structural po...

glycolysis pathway, energetics and significance.pdf • in oxidative breakdown of larger complexes. They are usually exergonic in nature ANABOLIC PATHWAYS Are involved in the synthesis of compounds. They are usually endergonic in nature. • Metabolic pathways are mostly irreversible 2. Every metabolic pathway has a committed first step. 3. All metabolic pathways are regulated. 4. Metabolic pathways in eukaryotic cells occur in specific cellular locations. • a merger of two Greek words: Glykys = sweet Lysis = breakdown/ splitting It is also known as Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway or EMP pathway. • the sequence of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate with simultaneous production on of ATP. • In this oxidative process, 1mol of glucose is partially oxidised to 2 moles of pyruvate. • This major pathway of glucose metabolism occurs in the cytosol of all cell. • This unique pathway occurs aerobically as well as anaerobically & doesn’t involve molecular oxygen. • includes formation of Lactate from Pyruvate. • The glycolytic sequence of reactions differ from species to species only in the mechanism of its regulation & in the subsequent metabolic fate of the pyruvate formed. • In aerobic organisms, glycolysis is the prelude to Citric acid cycle and ETC. • Glycolysis is the central pathway for Glucose catabolism. • wall polysachharide. Glycogen, Starch, Sucrose Pyruvate Ribose-5- phosphat e Oxidation via pentose phosphate pathway Synthesis of structural po...

Glycolysis – Pathway, energetics and significance Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics and significance HMP shunt and its significance; Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD) Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus Download Carbohydrates Most Important Questions: • Outline reactions of the citric acid cycle. Give energetic of the cycle and explain amphibolic role of the cycle. • Outline hexose monophosphate shunt reactions. Discuss biological significance of the shunt. • Give outline of glycolysis. What are its regulatory steps? What is the energy yield of this pathway? • Define glycogenolysis? Outline the reactions of this pathway. • What is glycogenesis? Give reaction of glycogenesis? • Explain: • Why aerobic glycosis realease more energy than anaerobic glycolysis? • How glycolysis can be reversed? • Citric acid cycle and its energetics. • Discuss briefly: • Hormonal regulation of blood glucose • Glycogenolysis • Diabetes mellitus Glycogenesis • Gluconeogenesis • Energetics of the citric acid cycle • Oxidation of pyruvate to accetyl CoA • Write notes on : • Glycogen storage diseases • Cori cycle • Type I and type II diabetes mellitus • Diabetic ketoacidosis • Metabolic syndrome • Renal glycosuria • Biochemical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus Carbohydrates Metabolism biochemistry,pharmaceutical jurisprudence,biochemistry imp...

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe how the body digests carbohydrates • Describe how, when, and why the body metabolizes carbohydrates • Explain the processes of glycolysis • Describe the pathway of a pyruvate molecule through the Krebs cycle • Explain the transport of electrons through the electron transport chain • Describe the process of ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation • Summarize the process of gluconeogenesis Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The family of carbohydrates includes both simple and complex sugars. Glucose and fructose are examples of simple sugars, and starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all examples of complex sugars. The complex sugars are also called polysaccharides and are made of multiple monosaccharide molecules. Polysaccharides serve as energy storage (e.g., starch and glycogen) and as structural components (e.g., chitin in insects and cellulose in plants). During digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into simple, soluble sugars that can be transported across the intestinal wall into the circulatory system to be transported throughout the body. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with the action of salivary amylase on starches, continues in the duodenum with the action of pancreatic amylase, and ends with monosaccharides being absorbed across the epithelium of the small intestine. Once the absorbed monosaccharides are transporte...

glycolysis pathway, energetics and significance.pdf • in oxidative breakdown of larger complexes. They are usually exergonic in nature ANABOLIC PATHWAYS Are involved in the synthesis of compounds. They are usually endergonic in nature. • Metabolic pathways are mostly irreversible 2. Every metabolic pathway has a committed first step. 3. All metabolic pathways are regulated. 4. Metabolic pathways in eukaryotic cells occur in specific cellular locations. • a merger of two Greek words: Glykys = sweet Lysis = breakdown/ splitting It is also known as Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway or EMP pathway. • the sequence of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate with simultaneous production on of ATP. • In this oxidative process, 1mol of glucose is partially oxidised to 2 moles of pyruvate. • This major pathway of glucose metabolism occurs in the cytosol of all cell. • This unique pathway occurs aerobically as well as anaerobically & doesn’t involve molecular oxygen. • includes formation of Lactate from Pyruvate. • The glycolytic sequence of reactions differ from species to species only in the mechanism of its regulation & in the subsequent metabolic fate of the pyruvate formed. • In aerobic organisms, glycolysis is the prelude to Citric acid cycle and ETC. • Glycolysis is the central pathway for Glucose catabolism. • wall polysachharide. Glycogen, Starch, Sucrose Pyruvate Ribose-5- phosphat e Oxidation via pentose phosphate pathway Synthesis of structural po...

Glycolysis – Pathway, energetics and significance Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics and significance HMP shunt and its significance; Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD) Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus Download Carbohydrates Most Important Questions: • Outline reactions of the citric acid cycle. Give energetic of the cycle and explain amphibolic role of the cycle. • Outline hexose monophosphate shunt reactions. Discuss biological significance of the shunt. • Give outline of glycolysis. What are its regulatory steps? What is the energy yield of this pathway? • Define glycogenolysis? Outline the reactions of this pathway. • What is glycogenesis? Give reaction of glycogenesis? • Explain: • Why aerobic glycosis realease more energy than anaerobic glycolysis? • How glycolysis can be reversed? • Citric acid cycle and its energetics. • Discuss briefly: • Hormonal regulation of blood glucose • Glycogenolysis • Diabetes mellitus Glycogenesis • Gluconeogenesis • Energetics of the citric acid cycle • Oxidation of pyruvate to accetyl CoA • Write notes on : • Glycogen storage diseases • Cori cycle • Type I and type II diabetes mellitus • Diabetic ketoacidosis • Metabolic syndrome • Renal glycosuria • Biochemical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus Carbohydrates Metabolism biochemistry,pharmaceutical jurisprudence,biochemistry imp...

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe how the body digests carbohydrates • Describe how, when, and why the body metabolizes carbohydrates • Explain the processes of glycolysis • Describe the pathway of a pyruvate molecule through the Krebs cycle • Explain the transport of electrons through the electron transport chain • Describe the process of ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation • Summarize the process of gluconeogenesis Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The family of carbohydrates includes both simple and complex sugars. Glucose and fructose are examples of simple sugars, and starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all examples of complex sugars. The complex sugars are also called polysaccharides and are made of multiple monosaccharide molecules. Polysaccharides serve as energy storage (e.g., starch and glycogen) and as structural components (e.g., chitin in insects and cellulose in plants). During digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into simple, soluble sugars that can be transported across the intestinal wall into the circulatory system to be transported throughout the body. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with the action of salivary amylase on starches, continues in the duodenum with the action of pancreatic amylase, and ends with monosaccharides being absorbed across the epithelium of the small intestine. Once the absorbed monosaccharides are transporte...