Glycolysis pathway with structure

https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FGeneral_Chemistry%2FBook%253A_Structure_and_Reactivity_in_Organic_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Schaller)%2FIII%253A_Reactivity_in_Organic_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_1%2F08%253A_Mechanisms_of_Glycolysis%2F8.02%253A_Overview_of_Glycolysis Expand/collapse global hierarchy • Home • Bookshelves • General Chemistry • Book: Structure & Reactivity in Organic, Biological and Inorganic Chemistry (Schaller) • Structure & Reactivity in Organic, Biological and Inorganic Chemistry III: Reactivity in Organic, Biological and Inorganic Chemistry 1 • 8: Mechanisms of Glycolysis • 8.2: Overview of Glycolysis Expand/collapse global location \( \newcommand\): Phase One of glycolysis leads to the scission of a six-carbon sugar into two three-carbon sugars. The map of phase one of glycolysis starts with glucose and leads eventually to the formation of two G3P molecules. Glucose is the initial input, and G3P is the final output; everything else along the way is just an intermediate that is consumed soon after it is made. Along the way, additional inputs to the reaction are shown in red, and outputs are shown in blue. Enzymes and other catalytic factors, which are not consumed by the reaction, are shown in green. Exercise \(\PageIndex\): Phase two of glycolysis leads to production of ATP. The map of phase two of glycolysis starts with G3P and leads eventually to the formation of ...

So far, we’ve spent a lot of time describing the pathways used to break down glucose. When you sit down for lunch, you might have a turkey sandwich, a veggie burger, or a salad, but you’re probably not going to dig in to a bowl of pure glucose. How, then, are the other components of food – such as proteins, lipids, and non-glucose carbohydrates – broken down to generate ATP? As it turns out, the cellular respiration pathways we’ve already seen are central to the extraction of energy from all these different molecules. Amino acids, lipids, and other carbohydrates can be converted to various intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, allowing them to slip into the cellular respiration pathway through a multitude of side doors. Once these molecules enter the pathway, it makes no difference where they came from: they’ll simply go through the remaining steps, yielding NADH, FADH 2 _2 2 ​ start subscript, 2, end subscript , and ATP. In addition, not every molecule that enters cellular respiration will complete the entire pathway. Just as various types of molecules can feed into cellular respiration through different intermediates, so intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle may be removed at various stages and used to make other molecules. For instance, many intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are used in the pathways that build amino acids 1 ^1 1 start superscript, 1, end superscript . Most carbohydrates enter cellular respiration duri...

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe the overall result in terms of molecules produced in the breakdown of glucose by glycolysis • Compare the output of glycolysis in terms of ATP molecules and NADH molecules produced You have read that nearly all of the energy used by living cells comes to them in the bonds of the sugar, glucose. Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. Nearly all living organisms carry out glycolysis as part of their metabolism. The process does not use oxygen and is therefore anaerobic. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport in which the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These transporters assist in the facilitated diffusion of glucose. Glycolysis begins with the six carbon ring-shaped structure of a single glucose molecule and ends with two molecules of a three-carbon sugar called pyruvate. Glycolysis consists of two distinct phases. The first part of the glycolysis pathway traps the glucose molecule in the cell and uses energy to modify it so that the six-carbon sugar molecule can be split evenly into the two three-carbon molecules. The second part of glycolysis ex...

4 Cell Structure • Introduction • 4.1 Studying Cells • 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells • 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells • 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins • 4.5 The Cytoskeleton • 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 6 Metabolism • Introduction • 6.1 Energy and Metabolism • 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy • 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics • 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate • 6.5 Enzymes • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 7 Cellular Respiration • Introduction • 7.1 Energy in Living Systems • 7.2 Glycolysis • 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle • 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation • 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen • 7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways • 7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 14 DNA Structure and Function • Introduction • 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding • 14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing • 14.3 Basics of DNA Replication • 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes • 14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes • 14.6 DNA Repair • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 15 Genes and Proteins • Introduction • 15.1 The Genetic Code • 15.2...

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Glucose powers cells throughout your body. Glucose is a convenient fuel molecule because it is stable and soluble, so it is easy to transport through the blood from places where it is stored to places where it is needed. Glucose is packed with chemical energy, ready for the taking. In a test tube, you can burn glucose, forming carbon dioxide and water and a lot of light and heat. Our cells also burn glucose, but they do it in many small, well-controlled steps, so that they can capture the energy in more useable forms, such as ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Glycolysis (sugar-breaking) is the first process in the cellular combustion of glucose. Sugar Breaking Glycolysis starts with a molecule of glucose and then performs ten stepwise chemical transformations. During this process, the sugar molecule is primed with two phosphates (using up two ATP molecules), then broken into two pieces, and finally reshaped and dehydrated, forming four ATP molecules in the process. Overall, glycolysis builds two new ATP molecules using the energy of this partial breakdown of sugar. The ATP may then be used to power molecular processes throughout the cell. In addition, one step in glycolysis also extracts four hydrogen atoms from the sugar molecule, which may be used for biosynthesis or to create additional chemical energy. After Glycolysis The sixth enzyme in glycolysis removes several hydrogen atoms from the sugar, transferring them to the small carrier molecule NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinu...

4 Cell Structure • Introduction • 4.1 Studying Cells • 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells • 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells • 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins • 4.5 The Cytoskeleton • 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 6 Metabolism • Introduction • 6.1 Energy and Metabolism • 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy • 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics • 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate • 6.5 Enzymes • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 7 Cellular Respiration • Introduction • 7.1 Energy in Living Systems • 7.2 Glycolysis • 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle • 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation • 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen • 7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways • 7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 14 DNA Structure and Function • Introduction • 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding • 14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing • 14.3 Basics of DNA Replication • 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes • 14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes • 14.6 DNA Repair • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 15 Genes and Proteins • Introduction • 15.1 The Genetic Code • 15.2...

So far, we’ve spent a lot of time describing the pathways used to break down glucose. When you sit down for lunch, you might have a turkey sandwich, a veggie burger, or a salad, but you’re probably not going to dig in to a bowl of pure glucose. How, then, are the other components of food – such as proteins, lipids, and non-glucose carbohydrates – broken down to generate ATP? As it turns out, the cellular respiration pathways we’ve already seen are central to the extraction of energy from all these different molecules. Amino acids, lipids, and other carbohydrates can be converted to various intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, allowing them to slip into the cellular respiration pathway through a multitude of side doors. Once these molecules enter the pathway, it makes no difference where they came from: they’ll simply go through the remaining steps, yielding NADH, FADH 2 _2 2 ​ start subscript, 2, end subscript , and ATP. In addition, not every molecule that enters cellular respiration will complete the entire pathway. Just as various types of molecules can feed into cellular respiration through different intermediates, so intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle may be removed at various stages and used to make other molecules. For instance, many intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are used in the pathways that build amino acids 1 ^1 1 start superscript, 1, end superscript . Most carbohydrates enter cellular respiration duri...

Glucose powers cells throughout your body. Glucose is a convenient fuel molecule because it is stable and soluble, so it is easy to transport through the blood from places where it is stored to places where it is needed. Glucose is packed with chemical energy, ready for the taking. In a test tube, you can burn glucose, forming carbon dioxide and water and a lot of light and heat. Our cells also burn glucose, but they do it in many small, well-controlled steps, so that they can capture the energy in more useable forms, such as ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Glycolysis (sugar-breaking) is the first process in the cellular combustion of glucose. Sugar Breaking Glycolysis starts with a molecule of glucose and then performs ten stepwise chemical transformations. During this process, the sugar molecule is primed with two phosphates (using up two ATP molecules), then broken into two pieces, and finally reshaped and dehydrated, forming four ATP molecules in the process. Overall, glycolysis builds two new ATP molecules using the energy of this partial breakdown of sugar. The ATP may then be used to power molecular processes throughout the cell. In addition, one step in glycolysis also extracts four hydrogen atoms from the sugar molecule, which may be used for biosynthesis or to create additional chemical energy. After Glycolysis The sixth enzyme in glycolysis removes several hydrogen atoms from the sugar, transferring them to the small carrier molecule NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinu...

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