Gross morphology meaning

• Classically divided by gross morphology into lobar and bronchopneumonia • Intra-alveolar fibrinopurulent exudate with neutrophils • Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacteria causing community acquired pneumonia • Gram negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus are important causes of hospital acquired pneumonia and ventilator associated pneumonia • Classification principles: • Pathogens: bacterial, viral, fungal • Clinical setting: community acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP), ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) • Extent: • Lobar pneumonia: involvement of the entire lung lobe • Bronchopneumonia: patchy involvement of the lung parenchyma, originating from the airway • Community acquired pneumonia (CAP): • Lung infection that is acquired from the normal environment • Hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) ( • Pneumonia not incubating at the time of hospital admission and occurring > 48 hours after admission • Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP): • Pneumonia occurring > 48 hours after endotracheal intubation • Healthcare associated pneumonia (HCAP): • American Thoracic Society (ATS) / Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recommend abandoning this term in the most recent HAP / VAP guideline • ICD-10: • Streptococcus pneumoniae • Hemophilus influenzae • Klebsiella pneumoniae • Pseudomonas • Staphylococcus • • • Escherichia coli • • • • ICD-11: • • Escherichia coli • Hemophilus influenza • Klebsiella pneumoniae • Pseudomonas aerugino...

Last reviewed 01/2018 There are a variety of variants of normal skin structure e.g. with site on body, race, age, etc. which should be considered during examination: • colour: varies with melanocyte density, concentration of pigment, blood flow etc. • thickness: thick skin e.g. upper portion of back; different from the histological definition of thick skin based on epidermal thickness • density of hairs per unit surface area: certain areas are hairless e.g. palmar surface of hand and plantar surface of foot • distribution of hairs: difference between the sexes, dependent on hormonal exposure and response • skin creases: • joint creases: where skin is more adherent to deeper tissue • wrinkle lines: caused by muscle contraction deep to skin and perpendicular to the long axis of the muscle • contour lines: lines demarcating the junction of body planes e.g. the nasolabial fold • lines of dependency: due to the effect of gravity on loose skin and fatty tissue with age e.g. the folds delimiting facial jowls • cleavage lines: Langer's lines following the path of subcutaneous fibrous bundles • existing scars: stage of repair, hypertrophic or keloid • blood supply: colour, temperature, capillary refill • dermal ridges: 'fingerprints'; role in gripping and texture recognition • sweat glands: density and activity • sebaceous glands: density and activity • innervation: sensitivity to a given stimulus and variation across the body e.g. two-point discrimination tests for fine touch Rela...

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • • • • • Bone Tissue Bones support and protect the body and its organs. They also produce various blood cells, store minerals, and provide support for mobility in conjunction with muscle. Bone is made of bone tissue, a type of dense connective tissue. Bone (osseous) tissue is the structural and supportive connective tissue of the body that forms the rigid part of the bones that make up the skeleton. Overall, the bones of the body are an organ made up of bone tissue, bone marrow, blood vessels, epithelium, and nerves. There are two types of bone tissue: cortical and cancellous bone. Cortical bone is compact bone, while cancellous bone is trabecular and spongy bone. Cortical bone forms the extremely hard exterior while cancellous bone fills the interior. The tissues are biologically identical but differ in the arrangement of their microstructure. Bone Cells The following are the different types of bone cells: • Osteoblasts-involved in the creation and mineralisation of bone • Osteocytes and osteoclasts: These are involved in the reabsorption of bone tissue. The mineralized matrix of bone tissue has an organic component—mainly made of collagen—and an inorganic component of bone mineral made up of various salts. Bone Types There are different types of bone. These are: • Long bones • Short bones • Flat bones • Sesamoid bones • Irregular bones Figure \(\PageIndex\): Bone types: This image show the different bone classifications, based on shape, that...

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • Viruses of all shapes and sizes consist of a nucleic acid core, an outer protein coating or capsid, and sometimes an outer envelope. Key Points • Viruses are classified into four groups based on shape: filamentous, isometric (or icosahedral), enveloped, and head and tail. • Many viruses attach to their host cells to facilitate penetration of the cell membrane, allowing their replication inside the cell. • Non-enveloped viruses can be more resistant to changes in temperature, pH, and some disinfectants than are enveloped viruses. • The virus core contains the small single- or double-stranded genome that encodes the proteins that the virus cannot get from the host cell. Key Terms • capsid: the outer protein shell of a virus • envelope: an enclosing structure or cover, such as a membrane • filamentous: Having the form of threads or filaments • isometric: of, or being a geometric system of three equal axes lying at right angles to each other (especially in crystallography) Viral Morphology Viruses are acellular, meaning they are biological entities that do not have a cellular structure. Therefore, they lack most of the components of cells, such as organelles, ribosomes, and the plasma membrane. A virion consists of a nucleic acid core, an outer protein coating or capsid, and sometimes an outer envelope made of protein and phospholipid membranes derived from the host cell. The capsid is made up of protein subunits called capsomeres. Viruses may also...

What is morphology? Within the field of biology, morphology is the study of the shapes and arrangement of parts of organisms, in order to determine their function, their development, and how they may have been shaped by evolution. Morphology is particularly important in classifying species, since it can often reveal how closely one species is related to another. Morphology is studied within other sciences as well, including astronomy and geology. And in language, morphology considers where words come from and why they look the way they do. Recent Examples on the Web An emerging discipline called synthetic morphology is now questioning that notion. — Philip Ball, Scientific American, 18 Apr. 2023 These were based on human sign language but modified for the unique morphology of a gorilla. — Tim Brinkhof, Discover Magazine, 6 Jan. 2022 The system design is motivated by the result of a morphology design optimization. — IEEE Spectrum, 25 Mar. 2020 Even if the soft tissues of a worm fossilized instead of quickly rotting away, a preserved bobbit worm would provide information about morphology, but probably not behavior. — Matt Simon, Wired, 21 Jan. 2021 Interestingly, this only happened in the roosters—in hens, the canals shut somewhat, but don’t close completely because of slight differences in the morphology of their ears. — Christie Wilcox, Discover Magazine, 31 Dec. 2017 Levin thinks all this is just the start for synthetic morphology. — Philip Ball, Scientific American, 18 A...

All bones have an exterior layer called cortex that is smooth, compact, continuous, and of varying thickness. In its interior, bony tissue is arranged in a network of intersecting plates and spicules called trabeculae, which vary in amount in different bones and enclose spaces filled with Bones such as vertebrae, subject to primarily compressive or tensile forces, usually have thin cortices and provide necessary structural rigidity through trabeculae, whereas bones such as the femur, subject to prominent bending, shear, or torsional forces, usually have thick cortices, a tubular configuration, and a continuous cavity running through their centres (medullary cavity).