Iron carbon diagram

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To study the various phases of steel and cast Iron, there is no alternative to the Iron Carbon phase diagram. We all know that a phase diagram is a graphical representation that shows the relationship between temperature, composition, and phases that exist in a particular alloy system in equilibrium. As Steel and Iron carbon Phase diagram. What is the Iron Carbon Phase Diagram? The iron-carbon phase diagram can be defined as a 2-D curve that explains different phase changes that occur on slow heating and cooling concerning its carbon content. It has temperature on the Y-axis and carbon content (weight %) on the X-axis. The iron carbon phase diagram is also known as the Fe-C diagram or Iron-Fe 3C diagram. Refer to Fig. 1 which shows the iron-carbon phase diagram. Decoding the Fe-C Diagram We can see in Fig. 1, three horizontal lines represent isothermal reactions. • From the top, the first horizontal line is at 1493°C where the peritectic reaction takes place: • Liquid + δ ↔ austenite • The second horizontal line is at around (1130°C to 1147°C), where the eutectic reaction takes place: • liquid ↔ austenite + cementite • And the third horizontal line is at 723°C, where the eutectoid reaction takes place: • austenite ↔ pearlite (mixture of ferrite & cementite) Phases in the Iron Carbon Phase Diagram There are 7 phases in the iron carbon phase diagram which are as follows • α-ferrite. • γ-austenite. • δ-ferrite. • Cementite( Fe3C). • Pearlite. • Ledeburite. • Martensite. α-fer...

Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram The iron-carbon phase diagram is widely used to understand the different phases of steel and cast iron. Both steel and cast iron are a mix of iron and carbon. Also, both alloys contain a small number of trace elements. The graph is quite complex but since we are limiting our exploration to Fe3C, we will only be focusing up to 6.67 weight percent of carbon. This iron-carbon phase diagram is plotted with the carbon concentrations by weight on the X-axis and the temperature scale on the Y-axis. Fig. shows, the Fe-C equilibrium diagram in which various structures (obtained during heating and cooling), phases, and microscopic constituents of various kinds of steel and cast iron are depicted. The main structures, the significance of various lines, and critical points are discussed as under. Structures in Fe-C-diagram The main microscopic constituents of iron and steel are as follows: • Austenite • Ferrite • Cementite • Pearlite 1. Austenite Austenite is a solid solution of free carbon (ferrite) and iron in gamma iron. On heating the steel, after upper critical temperature, the formation of structure completes into austenite which is hard, ductile, and non-magnetic. It is able to dissolve a large amount of carbon. It is in between the critical or transfer ranges during the heating and cooling of steel. It is formed when steel contains carbon up to 1.8% at 1130°C. On cooling below 723°C, it starts transforming into pearlite and ferrite. Austenitic steels ...

Heat treatment is the process of heating and cooling metals, using specific predetermined methods to obtain desired properties. Both Over time, a lot of different methods have been developed. Even today, metallurgists are constantly working to improve the outcomes and cost-efficiency of these processes. For that they develop new schedules or cycles to produce a variety of grades. Each schedule refers to a different rate of heating, holding and cooling the metal. These methods, when followed meticulously, can produce metals of different standards with remarkably specific physical and chemical properties. V What Metals Are Suitable for Heat Treating? The Benefits There are various reasons for carrying out heat treatment. Some procedures make the metal soft, while others increase Some heat treatment methods relieve stresses induced in earlier cold working processes. Others develop desirable chemical properties to metals. Choosing the perfect method really comes down to the In some cases, a metal part may go through several heat treatment procedures. For instance, some superalloys used in the aircraft manufacturing industry may undergo up to six different heat treating steps to optimise them for the application. Heat Treatment Process Steps In simple terms, heat treatment is the process of heating the metal, holding it at that temperature, and then cooling it back. During the process, the metal part will undergo changes in its mechanical properties. This is because the high te...

Influence of Temperature on Crystal Structure The A given number of atoms occupy slightly less volume when arranged as fcc crystals than when arranged as bcc crystals. Thus the change of the crystal structure is accompanied by a volume change. This change is illustrated in Figure 4. When a piece of pure iron is heated, expansion occurs in the normal way until the temperature of 910° C is reached. At this temperature there is a step contraction of about ½% in volume associated with the transformation from the bcc to fcc crystal structure. Further heating gives further thermal expansion until, at about 1400°C the fcc structure reverts to the bcc form and there is a step expansion which restores the volume lost at 910°C. Heating beyond 1400°C gives thermal expansion until melting occurs at 1540°C. The curve is reversible on cooling slowly. The property that metals may have different crystal structures, depending on temperature, is called allotropy. Solution of Carbon in bcc and fcc Crystals When the atoms of two materials A and B have about the same size, crystal structures may be formed where a number of the A atoms are replaced by B atoms. Such a solution is called substitutional because one atom substitutes for the other. An example is nickel in steel. When the atoms of two materials have a different size, the smaller atom may be able to fit between the bigger atoms. Such a solution is called interstitial. The most familiar example is the solution of carbon in iron. In thi...

• Hume-Rothery, W., Raynor, G.V. and Little, A.J., ‘The Lattice Spacing and Crystal Structure of Cementite’, J. Iron Steel Inst., No. 2, 1941. 142. • Mehl, R.F. and Dube, A., ‘The Eutectoid Reaction’ in Phase Transformation in Solids, National Research Council Conference (1948), New York, John Wiley, 1951, pp. 545–87. • Mehl, R.F. and Hagel, W.C., ‘The Austenite-Pcarlite Reaction, Prog. Metal Physics, 6, 1956, 102. • Shackleton, D.N. and Kelly, P.M., The Physical Properties of Martensite and Bainite, Iron and Steel Institute (London), Special Report No. 93, 1965. • Payson, P. and Savage, C.H., ‘Martensite Reactions in Alloy Steels’, Trans. ASM, 38, 1947, 209. • Biiby, B.A. and Christian, J.W., The Mechanism of Phase Transformations in Metals, Institute of Metals Monograph and Report Series No. 18, 1955, p. 121. • Kaufman, L. and Cohen, M., ‘Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Martensitic Transformation’, Prog. Metal Physics, 7, 1958, 165. • Lipson, H. and Parker, A.M.B., ‘Structure of Martensite’, J. Iron Steel Inst., 149, 1944, 123. • Hagg, G., ‘X-Ray Investigation on the Structure and Decomposition of Martensite’, J. Iron Steel Inst., 130, 1934, 439. • Kurdjumov, G.V., ‘Phenomena occurring in the Quenching and Tempering of Steels’, J. Iron Steel Inst., 195, 1960, 26. • Bain, E.C. and Paxton, H.W., Alloying Elements in Steel, 2nd ed., American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1961, p. 37. • Kelly, P.M. and Nutting, J., ‘The Morphology of Martensite’, J. Iron Steel Inst.,...

Iron-Carbon diagrams and Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) diagrams are two of the most important tools used by engineers when working with steels. They provide information about the physical and mechanical properties of the steel, such as its hardness, ductility, and strength. In this blog, we’ll take a look at the differences between the two diagrams and how they can be used in steel production. Table of Contents • • • • • • Explaining the iron carbon diagram The iron-carbon diagram and the time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram are both used to describe the relationship between temperature and the microstructure of steel. The iron-carbon diagram is a graphical representation of the effects of temperature on the microstructure of steel and is used to determine the optimum parameters for heat treating steel. It is used to predict how long it will take for a given steel to achieve a certain microstructure at a certain temperature. The iron-carbon diagram provides a more detailed understanding of the effects of different temperatures on the microstructure of steel, while the TTT diagram is used to predict the time it will take to achieve a certain microstructure. Explaining the ttt diagram The Iron Carbon Diagram and TTT Diagram both provide a visual representation of the relationship between the temperature and time at which certain changes take place in a material. The Iron-Carbon Diagram is used to describe the various phases of an iron-carbon alloy, while the...

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• Hume-Rothery, W., Raynor, G.V. and Little, A.J., ‘The Lattice Spacing and Crystal Structure of Cementite’, J. Iron Steel Inst., No. 2, 1941. 142. • Mehl, R.F. and Dube, A., ‘The Eutectoid Reaction’ in Phase Transformation in Solids, National Research Council Conference (1948), New York, John Wiley, 1951, pp. 545–87. • Mehl, R.F. and Hagel, W.C., ‘The Austenite-Pcarlite Reaction, Prog. Metal Physics, 6, 1956, 102. • Shackleton, D.N. and Kelly, P.M., The Physical Properties of Martensite and Bainite, Iron and Steel Institute (London), Special Report No. 93, 1965. • Payson, P. and Savage, C.H., ‘Martensite Reactions in Alloy Steels’, Trans. ASM, 38, 1947, 209. • Biiby, B.A. and Christian, J.W., The Mechanism of Phase Transformations in Metals, Institute of Metals Monograph and Report Series No. 18, 1955, p. 121. • Kaufman, L. and Cohen, M., ‘Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Martensitic Transformation’, Prog. Metal Physics, 7, 1958, 165. • Lipson, H. and Parker, A.M.B., ‘Structure of Martensite’, J. Iron Steel Inst., 149, 1944, 123. • Hagg, G., ‘X-Ray Investigation on the Structure and Decomposition of Martensite’, J. Iron Steel Inst., 130, 1934, 439. • Kurdjumov, G.V., ‘Phenomena occurring in the Quenching and Tempering of Steels’, J. Iron Steel Inst., 195, 1960, 26. • Bain, E.C. and Paxton, H.W., Alloying Elements in Steel, 2nd ed., American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1961, p. 37. • Kelly, P.M. and Nutting, J., ‘The Morphology of Martensite’, J. Iron Steel Inst.,...

Heat treatment is the process of heating and cooling metals, using specific predetermined methods to obtain desired properties. Both Over time, a lot of different methods have been developed. Even today, metallurgists are constantly working to improve the outcomes and cost-efficiency of these processes. For that they develop new schedules or cycles to produce a variety of grades. Each schedule refers to a different rate of heating, holding and cooling the metal. These methods, when followed meticulously, can produce metals of different standards with remarkably specific physical and chemical properties. V What Metals Are Suitable for Heat Treating? The Benefits There are various reasons for carrying out heat treatment. Some procedures make the metal soft, while others increase Some heat treatment methods relieve stresses induced in earlier cold working processes. Others develop desirable chemical properties to metals. Choosing the perfect method really comes down to the In some cases, a metal part may go through several heat treatment procedures. For instance, some superalloys used in the aircraft manufacturing industry may undergo up to six different heat treating steps to optimise them for the application. Heat Treatment Process Steps In simple terms, heat treatment is the process of heating the metal, holding it at that temperature, and then cooling it back. During the process, the metal part will undergo changes in its mechanical properties. This is because the high te...