Mechanism of respiration

Term Meaning Respiratory system The body system responsible for gas exchange between the body and the external environment Pharynx (throat) Tube connected the nose/mouth to the esophagus Larynx (voice box) Tube forming a passage between the pharynx and trachea Trachea Tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs Bronchi Branches of tissue stemming from the trachea Bronchiole Airway that extends from the bronchus Alveoli Structures of the lung where gas exchange occurs Diaphragm Thoracic muscle that lays beneath the lungs and aids in inhalation/exhalation The process of physiological respiration includes two major parts: external respiration and internal respiration. External respiration, also known as breathing, involves both bringing air into the lungs (inhalation) and releasing air to the atmosphere (exhalation). During internal respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the cells and blood vessels. Respiration begins at the nose or mouth, where oxygenated air is brought in before moving down the pharynx, larynx, and the trachea. The trachea branches into two bronchi, each leading into a lung. Each bronchus divides into smaller bronchi, and again into even smaller tubes called bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles are air sacs called alveoli, and this is where gas exchange occurs. We do not breathe in only oxygen or breathe out only carbon dioxide. Often the terms "oxygen" and "air" are used interchangeably. It is true that the air we bre...

When refering to evidence in academic writing, you should always try to reference the primary (original) source. That is usually the journal article where the information was first stated. In most cases Physiopedia articles are a secondary source and so should not be used as references. Physiopedia articles are best used to find the original sources of information (see the references list at the bottom of the article). If you believe that this Physiopedia article is the primary source for the information you are refering to, you can use the button below to access a related citation statement. Cite article The muscles of respiration are also called the 'breathing pump muscles', they form a complex arrangement in the form of semi-rigid bellows around the All • Muscles that helpful in expanding the • Those that compress the thoracic cavity are called expiratory muscles and they induce exhalation. These muscles possess exactly the same basic structure as all other The speciality of these muscles are that they are composed of fatigue resistant muscle fibers, they are controlled by both voluntary and involuntary mechanisms (if we want to take a Image: Overview of the respiratory system Primary Muscles [ | ] The primary inspiratory muscles are the diaphragm and external intercostals. Relaxed normal expiration is a passive process, happens because of the elastic recoil of the lungs and surface tension. However there are a few muscles that help in forceful expiration and include th...

[ "article:topic", "inspiration", "expiration", "Breathing", "Pulmonary ventilation", "ventral respiratory group (VRG)", "transpulmonary pressure", "total lung capacity (TLC)", "total dead space", "tidal volume (TV)", "thoracic wall compliance", "respiratory volume", "respiratory rate", "respiratory cycle", "residual volume (RV)", "quiet breathing", "pneumotaxic center", "peripheral chemoreceptor", "intrapleural pressure", "intra-alveolar pressure", "inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)", "inspiratory capacity (IC)", "functional residual capacity (FRC)", "forced breathing", "expiratory reserve volume (ERV)", "dorsal respiratory group (DRG)", "central chemoreceptor", "Boyle\u2019s law", "atmospheric pressure", "apneustic center", "anatomical dead space", "alveolar dead space", "license:ccby", "showtoc:no", "source[1]-med-781", "source[2]-med-781", "program:oeri", "authorname:humananatomyoeri" ] \( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • • By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe how the relationship between pressure and volume drives pulmonary ventilation • Compare and contrast ventilation, the transport of gases, and the specific types of respiration The processes of the respiratory system follow oxygen from its origin in the air you inhale to its use by cells of the body to convert glucose to cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Since the conversion of glucose to ATP produces carbon dioxide as a waste, carbon dioxide originates at the cells of t...

Overview What is the respiratory system? The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide. Function What does the respiratory system do? The respiratory system has many functions. Besides helping you inhale (breathe in) and exhale (breathe out), it: • Allows you to talk and to smell. • Warms air to match your body temperature and moisturizes it to the humidity level your body needs. • Delivers oxygen to the cells in your body. • Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when you exhale. • Protects your airways from harmful substances and irritants. Anatomy What are the parts of the respiratory system? The respiratory system has many different parts that work together to help you breathe. Each group of parts has many separate components. Your airways deliver air to your lungs. Your airways are a complicated system that includes your: • Mouth and nose: Openings that pull air from outside your body into your respiratory system. • Sinuses: Hollow areas between the bones in your head that help regulate the temperature and humidity of the air you inhale. • Pharynx (throat): Tube that delivers air from your mouth and nose to the trachea (windpipe). • Trachea: Passage connecting your throat and lungs...

All Subjects • Anatomy and Chemistry Basics • • • • • • • • • • • The Cell • • • • • • • • • Tissues • • • • • • • • • • The Integumentary System • • • • • • • • • • • Bones and Skeletal Tissues • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The Skeletal System • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Articulations • • • Muscle Tissue • • • • • • • • • • • • The Muscular System • • • • • • • • • Nervous Tissue • • • • • • • • • • • The Nervous System • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The Sensory System • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The Endocrine System • • • • • • • • • The Cardiovascular System • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The Lymphatic System • • • • • • • • • The Immune System and Other Body Defenses • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The Respiratory System • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The Digestive System • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The Urinary System • • • • • • • • • • • The Reproductive System • • • • • • • Anatomy and Physiology Quizzes Control of Respiration Respiration is controlled by these areas of the brain that stimulate the contraction of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. These areas, collectively called respiratory centers, are summarized here: • The medullary inspiratory center, located in the medulla oblongata, generates rhythmic nerve impulses that stimulate contraction of the inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles). Normally, expiration occurs when these muscles relax, but wh...

respiratory system, the system in living organisms that takes up oxygen and respiration denotes the exchange of the respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the organism and the medium in which it lives and between the cells of the body and the tissue fluid that bathes them. With the exception of energy used by animal life in the deep ocean, all energy used by animals is ultimately derived from the energy of This article considers the gaseous components of Although the acquisition of Table the oxygen Oxygen consumption of various animals and its variation with rest and activity animal weight (grams) oxygen consumption (millilitres per kilogram of weight per hour) Source: A. Krogh, The Comparative Physiology of Respiratory Mechanisms (1959). paramecium 0.000001 500 mussel (Mytilus) 25 22 crayfish (Astacus) 32 47 butterfly (Vanessa), resting 0.3 600 butterfly (Vanessa), flying 0.3 100,000 carp (Cyprinus) 200 100 pike (Esox) 200 350 mouse, resting 20 2,500 mouse, running 20 20,000 human, resting 70,000 200 human, maximal work 70,000 4,000 The gases in the environment The range of respiratory problems faced by aquatic and terrestrial animals can be seen from the varying composition and physical characteristics of The carbon dioxide content of most natural waters is low compared with air, often almost nil. In contrast to oxygen, carbon dioxide is extremely soluble in water and diffuses rapidly. Most of the carbon dioxide entering water combines either with the wate...

Mechanism Of Breathing Table of Contents • • • • Some things need not be taught and that includes the very first instinct of survival, our first breath. Our lungs were never taught how to breathe. It’s astounding that one doesn’t need to learn how to smell, how to see or how to breathe, to be able to perform any of these functions. Regardless of whether we know the mechanism of these involuntary functions or not, it is imperative that we comprehend their functioning since these are mechanisms that facilitate our survival. What is Breathing? The process in which air moves in and out of the lungs is known as breathing. This is carried out through various respiratory organs. In other words, breathing is a simple give and take process. When we breathe, we take in air rich in oxygen from the atmosphere, in return of which, we give out carbon dioxide-rich in the atmosphere which is utilized by the plants for This is a continuous process and goes on throughout the life of an organism. The process of taking in oxygen-rich air is called inhalation. On the contrary, the process of giving out air that is rich in carbon dioxide is known as exhalation. In a day, a person breathes several times. One breath comprises one inhalation and one exhalation. In a minute, the number of times a person breathes is termed as his/her breathing rate. By calculating the breathing rate, we can know the number of times we breathed in a day. However, the breathing rate varies which is dependent upo...

You can sometimes have too much of a good thing. For instance, consider ice cream sandwiches. Maybe you really like ice cream sandwiches and buy a bunch of them at the store. If you’re very hungry, that might be a good choice: you can eat them all quickly, before they melt. If you’re only a little hungry, though, that might be a bad choice: most of the sandwiches will melt uneaten, at which point you will have wasted some money. Cells face a related problem when they break down fuels, such as glucose, to produce ATP. If the cell’s supply of ATP is low, it would do well to break down glucose as quickly as possible, replenishing the ATP it needs to “keep the lights on.” If the supply of ATP is high, on the other hand, it might not be such a good idea to oxidize glucose at top speed. ATP is an unstable molecule, and if it sits around in the cell too long, it’s likely to spontaneously hydrolyze back to ADP. This is like the case of the melted ice cream sandwich: the cell has spent glucose to make ATP, and that ATP ends up going to waste. How is the activity of a pathway controlled? In many cases, pathways are regulated through enzymes that catalyze individual steps of the pathway. If the enzyme for a particular step is active, that step can take place quickly, but if the enzyme is inactive, the step will happen slowly or not at all. Thus, if a cell wants to control the activity of a metabolic pathway, it needs to regulate the activity of one or more of the enzymes in that path...