Montreal protocol 1987

Montreal Protocol, formally Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, international treaty, adopted in Montreal on Sept. 16, 1987, that aimed to regulate the production and use of chemicals that contribute to the depletion of Earth’s In the early 1970s, American chemists F. Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina theorized that Nature in 1974, initiated a federal investigation of the problem in the United States, and the National Academy of Sciences concurred with their findings in 1976. In 1978 CFC-based Further validation of their work came in 1985 with the discovery of a “hole” in the ozone shield over Antarctica by the British Antarctic Survey and the publication of its findings in Nature. Shortly before these findings were to appear, representatives from 28 countries met to discuss the issue at the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. The meeting called for international cooperation in research involving ozone-depleting chemicals (ODCs) and empowered the The Montreal Protocol has been hailed as one of the most successful multilateral agreements in history. The initial agreement was designed to reduce the production and consumption of several types of CFCs and It is important to note that ODC phase-out schedules differ between developed and developing countries. The period for developing countries to come into compliance is slightly longer, owing to the fact that they have fewer technical and financial resources to introduce substitute...

Despite a ban on chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons, the ozone hole over Antarctica remains nearly as large as it did when the Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987. Scientists now warn of new threats to the ozone layer, including widespread use of ozone-eating chemicals not covered by the treaty. By • August14,2017 But 30 years on, some atmospheric chemists are not so sure. The healing is proving painfully slow. And new discoveries about chemicals not covered by the protocol are raising fears that full recovery could be postponed into the 22 nd century – or possibly even prevented altogether. In mid-September, the United Nations is celebrating the The ozone layer is a long-standing natural feature of the stratosphere , the part of the atmosphere that begins about six miles above the earth. The ozone layer filters out dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the sun that can cause skin cancer and damage many life forms. It may have been So there was alarm in the 1970s when researchers first warned that extremely stable man-made compounds like CFCs, used in refrigerants and aerosols, were floating up into the stratosphere, where they released chlorine and bromine atoms that break down ozone molecules. In the 1980s, Antarctic researchers discovered that these chemical reactions went into overdrive in the super-cold polar stratospheric clouds that formed over the frozen continent. They had begun creating a dramatic “hole” in the ozone layer at the end of each austral winter. The e...

The following Environment practice note provides comprehensive and up to date legal information covering: • Montreal Protocol 1987 (substances that deplete the ozone layer)—snapshot • What is the Montreal Protocol? • Chemicals controlled • Key articles • Key environmental principles • Precautionary principle • Common but differentiated responsibilities • Funding mechanisms • Reporting • Non-compliance procedure More...• Implementation in Europe • Implementation in the UK • Future of the Montreal Protocol Less... Montreal Protocol 1987 (substances that deplete the ozone layer)—snapshot Title Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1987. Protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985 (1985 Vienna Convention). Parties Universal ratification. The first United Nations (UN) Treaty to gain such global application. Revisions Adjustments: 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007 & 2018 Amendments: London 1990, Copenhagen 1992, Montreal 1997, Beijing 1999 & Kigali 2016 Location Montreal, Canada Came into force 1 January 1989 Subject Protection of the ozone layer What is the Montreal Protocol? The Montreal Protocol is a protocol to the 1985 Vienna Convention, which is a framework convention, aimed at: • • restricting activities likely to damage the ozone layer • • cooperation in gathering and exchanging information on the effects of human activities on the ozone layer The Montreal Protocol creates a timetable for ph...