Montreal protocol and vienna convention deals with

Environmental protocol Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer Signed 22 March 1985 Location Effective 22 September 1988 Condition ratification by 20 states Signatories 28 Ratifiers 198 Depositary Languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is a Background [ ] During the 1970s, research indicated that man-made In terms of universality, it is one of the • ^ a b c d e . Retrieved 17 January 2012. • Nolan, C.V.; Amanatidis, G.T. (1995). "European commission research on the fluxes and effects of environmental UVB radiation". Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 31 (1–2): 3–7. • Jachtenfuchs, M. (1990). "The European Community and the Protection of the Ozone Layer". JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. 28 (3): 261–277. • Slaper, H.; Velders, G. J. M.; Daniel, J. S.; de Gruijl, F. R.; van der Leun, J. C. (1996). "Estimates of ozone depletion and skin cancer incidence to examine the Vienna Convention achievements". Nature. 384 (6606): 256–258. • Wettestad, J. (2001). Environmental Regime Effectiveness: Confronting Theory with Evidence. MIT Press. p.150. 9780262263726. • ^ a b c d Wexler, P. (2012). Chemicals, environment, health: a global management perspective. CRC Press. 9781420084696. External links [ ] • • • • Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer in the •

The objective of the 1985 Vienna Convention is to preserve human health, and to protect the environment from any harmful effects of the depletion of the ozone layer. The objective of the 1987 Montreal Protocol is to repair the ozone layer through the worldwide control, reduction and ultimately elimination of production and consumption of ozone depleting substances. The latest extension of the Montreal Protocol in 2016 – the Kigali Amendment – regulates hydrofluorocarbons as well. These chemicals are currently in use as a substitute for ozone-depleting substances, but are themselves potent greenhouse gases. 1. The international treaties on the protection of the ozone layer After the mechanism by which chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) destroy ozone was proved in the 1970s, and the depletion of the ozone layer was observed in the 1980s, two international treaties to protect the ozone layer were signed under the aegis of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): the Vienna Convention (1985) and the Montreal Protocol (1987). These treaties have since been ratified by all Member States of the United Nations. The objective of the Vienna Convention is to preserve human health, and to protect the environment from any harmful effects of the depletion of the ozone layer. The Convention encourages research activities, cooperation and the exchange of information between states, and national legislative measures, without however prescribing any concrete measures. In Switzerland, the Vi...

In the early 1970s, scientific research began finding evidence of CFC chemicals depleting the ozone layer, increasing the levels of ultraviolet radiation on the planet’s surface. Dr. F. Sherwood Rowland, a chemistry professor at UC Irvine, and Dr. Mario Molina, a postdoctoral fellow, were credited with the first demonstrations of CFCs' damaging effect on atmospheric ozone. In a 1974 paper titled “Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone,” Molina and Rowland hypothesized that the chlorofluoromethanes could remain in the atmosphere between 40 and 150 years. Their studies concluded that when the chemicals reached the stratosphere, it led to the destruction and thinning of the atmospheric ozone layer. The findings were revolutionary (and eye-opening) at the time, and the team later received a Nobel Prize for their work. Yearly evolution of the whole in the ozone layer between 1979 and 1990, as illustrated by NASA. Jupiterimages / Getty Images More than 10 years later, in 1985, a British science team from Cambridge discovered massive ozone depletion over the Antarctic during the region’s spring months. They attributed the depletion to low midwinter temperatures, making the stratosphere even more sensitive to inorganic chlorine growth. At the time, chlorofluorocarbons in particular were widely used in common products like refrigerants and aerosol sprays. SiberianArt / Getty Images While airplanes tend to stay on the lower portion ...

• Getting Started - Study Guides, SARA and OneSearch • International Climate Change Law • International Agreements • U.S. Law • Climate Change and Environmental Litigation • Science and Data • News and Blogs • NGOs • Law Students for Climate Accountability • General (non-legal) Recommendations for Learning More about Climate Change • NY State Climate Initiatives On this page, you will find links to the texts (readable PDFs and official Bluebook compliant versions), overviews, and Bluebook citations to the following international agreements: • The Paris Agreement • UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) • Kyoto Protocol • The Ozone Treaties: Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol • Convention on Biological Diversity (includes the Nagoya and Cartagena Protocols) • Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal • Aarhus Convention • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) The Aarhus Convention provides for: Access to environmental information: • The right of the citizens to receive environmental information that is held by public authorities Public participation in environmental decision making: • The right of the citizens to participate in preparingplans, programmes, policies, and legislation that may affect the environment. Access to justice: • The right of the citizens to have access to review procedures when their rights with respect to access to information or ...