Net gain of atp when each molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules of pyruvic acid

ATP Production per Glucose Molecule: Exploring the Energy Yield of Glycolysis During Glycolysis – What Is The Overall Gain Of ATP Per Glucose Molecule Glycolysis is a metabolic process that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The process breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces ATP and NADH. In this article, we will explore the overall gain of ATP per glucose molecule during glycolysis. Overview of Glycolysis Glycolysis is a ten-step metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. The process produces two molecules of ATP, two molecules of NADH, and two molecules of water. The ATP produced during glycolysis is used as a source of energy for cellular processes. The first five steps of glycolysis are known as the preparatory phase. During this phase, glucose is phosphorylated twice and then split into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The next five steps of glycolysis are known as the payoff phase. During this phase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized to pyruvate, and ATP is produced. Overall Gain of ATP per Glucose Molecule during Glycolysis The overall gain of ATP per glucose molecule during glycolysis is two molecules. However, four molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis, and two molecules are consumed during the preparatory phase. This means that the net gain of ATP during glycolysis is two molecules per glucose molecule. The ATP produced during glycolys...

You, like many other organisms, need oxygen to live. As you know if you’ve ever tried to hold your breath for too long, lack of oxygen can make you feel dizzy or even black out, and prolonged lack of oxygen can even cause death. But have you ever wondered why that’s the case, or what exactly your body does with all that oxygen? As it turns out, the reason you need oxygen is so your cells can use this molecule during oxidative phosphorylation, the final stage of cellular respiration. Oxidative phosphorylation is made up of two closely connected components: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed from one molecule to another, and energy released in these electron transfers is used to form an electrochemical gradient. In chemiosmosis, the energy stored in the gradient is used to make ATP. So, where does oxygen fit into this picture? Oxygen sits at the end of the electron transport chain, where it accepts electrons and picks up protons to form water. If oxygen isn’t there to accept electrons (for instance, because a person is not breathing in enough oxygen), the electron transport chain will stop running, and ATP will no longer be produced by chemiosmosis. Without enough ATP, cells can’t carry out the reactions they need to function, and, after a long enough period of time, may even die. The electron transport chain is a series of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Electro...

[ "article:topic", "glycolysis", "ATP", "autotrophs", "Krebs cycle", "chemiosmosis", "Electron transport chain", "electrochemical gradient", "cellular respiration", "heterotroph", "photoautotroph", "authorname:mgrewal", "showtoc:yes", "aerobic", "columns:two", "cssprint:dense", "program:oeri", "Oxydative phosphorylation", "transformation of pyruvate", "stages of cellular respiration", "licenseversion:30", "license:ck12", "source@https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-human-biology/" ] \( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Bring on the S'mores! This inviting campfire can be used for both heat and light. Heat and light are two forms of energy that are released when a fuel like wood is burned. The cells of living things also get energy by "burning." They "burn" glucose in the process called cellular respiration. Figure \(\PageIndex\): Burning logs that convert carbon in wood into carbon dioxide and a significant amount of thermal energy. Inside every cell of all living things, energy is needed to carry out life processes. Energy is required to break down and build up molecules and to transport many molecules across plasma membranes. All of life’s work needs energy. A lot of energy is also simply lost to the environment as heat. The story of life is a story of energy flow — its capture, its change of form, its use for work, and its loss as heat. Energy, unlike matter, cannot be recycled, so organisms require a constant input of energy. Life runs on chemical energy. Whe...

Aerobic Respiration, Part 1: Glycolysis You have read that nearly all of the energy used by living things comes to them in the bonds of the sugar, glucose. Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cell metabolism. Many living organisms carry out glycolysis as part of their metabolism. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of most prokaryotic and all eukaryotic cells. Glycolysis begins with a molecule of glucose (C 6H 12O 6). Various enzymes are used to break glucose down into two molecules of pyruvate (C 3H 4O 3, basically a glucose molecule broken in half) ( Figure 1). This process releases a small amount of energy. Figure 1 An overview of glycolysis. In glycolysis, a glucose molecule is converted into two pyruvate molecules. Glycolysis consists of two distinct phases: energy-requiring, and energy-producing. Energy-Requiring Steps The first part of the glycolysis pathway requires an input of energy to begin. The first step in glycolysis is catalyzed by hexokinase, an enzyme with broad specificity that catalyzes the phosphorylation of six-carbon sugars. Hexokinase phosphorylates (adds a phosphate to) glucose using ATP as the source of the phosphate ( Figure 2). This produces glucose-6-phosphate, a more chemically reactive form of glucose. This phosphorylated glucose molecule can no longer leave the cell because the negatively charged phosphate will not allow it to cross the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane. Several additio...

Solution: Glucose is the first cycle of aerobic respiration. It produces two pyruvate molecules, a net gain of two ATP molecules and two $NADH_ _2$ ​ molecules at the end of the cycle. In glycolysis, 2 molecules of ATP are produced during conversion of 1, 3-biphosphoglyceric acid to 3-phosphoglyceric acid and 2-phosphoenol pyruvic acid to pyruvic acid each. However, out of these 4 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules are utilized during conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-diphosphate. During the conversion of 2 molecules of 1, 3-diphosphoglyceraldehyde into 2 molecules of 1, 3-diphosphoglyceric acid, 2 molecules of $NADH_ 2$ ​ are formed. During aerobic respiration, each $NADH_ 2$ ​ forms 3 ATP and water. Hence, net gain of ATP molecules in glycolysis is 2 ATP + 6 ATP = 8 ATP. Thus, the correct answer is '8.'

• Describe the function of glycolysis and identify its major products. • Describe how the presence or absence of oxygen determines what happens to the pyruvate and the NADH that are produced in glycolysis. • Determine the amount of ATP produced by the oxidation of glucose in the presence and absence of oxygen. In stage II of catabolism, the metabolic pathway known as glycolysis converts glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (a three-carbon compound with three carbon atoms) with the corresponding production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The individual reactions in glycolysis were determined during the first part of the 20th century. It was the first metabolic pathway to be elucidated, in part because the participating enzymes are found in soluble form in the cell and are readily isolated and purified. The pathway is structured so that the product of one enzyme-catalyzed reaction becomes the substrate of the next. The transfer of intermediates from one enzyme to the next occurs by diffusion. Steps in Glycolysis The 10 reactions of glycolysis, summarized in Figures \(\PageIndex\), can be divided into two phases. In the first 5 reactions—phase I—glucose is broken down into two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. In the last five reactions—phase II—each glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted into pyruvate, and ATP is generated. Notice that all the intermediates in glycolysis are phosphorylated and contain either six or three carbon atoms. Figure \(\PageIndex\): Phase ...

\( \newcommand\) • • • • Determine the amount of ATP produced by the oxidation of glucose in the presence and absence of oxygen. Determining the exact yield of ATP for aerobic respiration is difficult for a number of reasons. First of all, the number of ATP generated per reduced NADH or FADH 2is not always a whole number. For every pair of electrons transported to the electron transport chain by a molecule of NADH, between 2 and 3 ATP are generated. For each pair of electrons transferred by FADH 2, between 1 and 2 ATP are generated. In eukaryotic cells, unlike prokaryotes, NADH generated in the cytoplasm during glycolysis must be transported across the mitochondrial membrane before it can transfer electrons to the electron transport chain. Muscle and brain cells use a transport mechanism that converts theNADHin the cytoplasm into FADH2. In the liver, kidneys, and heart cells, a different transport mechanism is used, andNADHin the cytoplasm is convertedinto NADH in the mitochondria. As a result, different numbers of ATP molecules are generated from cytoplasmatic NADH in each tissue. For simplicity, however, we will look at the theoretical maximum yield of ATP per glucose molecule oxidized by aerobic respiration. We will assume that for each pair of electrons transferred to the electron transport chain by NADH, 3 ATP will be generated; for each electron pair transferred by FADH 2, 2 ATP will be generated. Keep in mind, however, that less ATP may actually be generated. In euk...

The correct answer is option b. Glycolysis is the process of converting two glucose molecules into two pyruvic acid molecules. The conversion of glucose to pyruvate occurs in two stages: the preparatory phase and the pay-off phase. Two ATPs (adenosine triphosphate) are used in the preparation phase to activate glucose and convert it into two glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. During the pay-off phase, two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules are converted into two pyruvic acid molecules, yielding four ATPs. As a result, glycolysis creates four ATPs, but because two ATPs are utilized in the initial stages of glycolysis, the overall yield is two ATP molecules per glucose. Hence, option b is the correct answer. Subject: Biology Subject: Introduction to Biology The role of carbon is central to the molecules that make up life. Please answer the questions below: • What makes ionic bonds different from covalent bonds? Explain your answer and add sources/citations to support your answer. • Why are hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions necessary for cells? Explain your answer and add sources/citations to support your answer. • Explain three of the major elements that you think are important in addition to Carbon. (more) Subject: Introduction to Biology The role of carbon is central to the molecules that make up life. Please answer the questions below: • What makes ionic bonds different from covalent bonds? Explain your answer and add sources/citations to support your answer. • Why...

Aerobic Respiration, Part 1: Glycolysis You have read that nearly all of the energy used by living things comes to them in the bonds of the sugar, glucose. Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cell metabolism. Many living organisms carry out glycolysis as part of their metabolism. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of most prokaryotic and all eukaryotic cells. Glycolysis begins with a molecule of glucose (C 6H 12O 6). Various enzymes are used to break glucose down into two molecules of pyruvate (C 3H 4O 3, basically a glucose molecule broken in half) ( Figure 1). This process releases a small amount of energy. Figure 1 An overview of glycolysis. In glycolysis, a glucose molecule is converted into two pyruvate molecules. Glycolysis consists of two distinct phases: energy-requiring, and energy-producing. Energy-Requiring Steps The first part of the glycolysis pathway requires an input of energy to begin. The first step in glycolysis is catalyzed by hexokinase, an enzyme with broad specificity that catalyzes the phosphorylation of six-carbon sugars. Hexokinase phosphorylates (adds a phosphate to) glucose using ATP as the source of the phosphate ( Figure 2). This produces glucose-6-phosphate, a more chemically reactive form of glucose. This phosphorylated glucose molecule can no longer leave the cell because the negatively charged phosphate will not allow it to cross the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane. Several additio...

ATP Production per Glucose Molecule: Exploring the Energy Yield of Glycolysis During Glycolysis – What Is The Overall Gain Of ATP Per Glucose Molecule Glycolysis is a metabolic process that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The process breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces ATP and NADH. In this article, we will explore the overall gain of ATP per glucose molecule during glycolysis. Overview of Glycolysis Glycolysis is a ten-step metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. The process produces two molecules of ATP, two molecules of NADH, and two molecules of water. The ATP produced during glycolysis is used as a source of energy for cellular processes. The first five steps of glycolysis are known as the preparatory phase. During this phase, glucose is phosphorylated twice and then split into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The next five steps of glycolysis are known as the payoff phase. During this phase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized to pyruvate, and ATP is produced. Overall Gain of ATP per Glucose Molecule during Glycolysis The overall gain of ATP per glucose molecule during glycolysis is two molecules. However, four molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis, and two molecules are consumed during the preparatory phase. This means that the net gain of ATP during glycolysis is two molecules per glucose molecule. The ATP produced during glycolys...