Nuclear envelope

Nuclear localization signals (NLS) are generally short peptides that act as a signal fragment that mediates the transport of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. This NLS-dependent protein recognition, a process necessary for cargo proteins to pass the nuclear envelope through the nuclear pore complex, is facilitated by members of the importin superfamily. Here, we summarized the types of NLS, focused on the recently reported related proteins containing nuclear localization signals, and briefly summarized some mechanisms that do not depend on nuclear localization signals into the nucleus. One of the characteristic features of eukaryotic cells are membrane-bound functional organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, and others, which are surrounded by cytoplasm. For cells to function normally, organelle proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm must be selectively and efficiently transported into their destination compartments where they can exert their physiological functions [ Overview of nuclear localization signals Unlike proteins bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria, whose N-terminal targeting signals are often cleaved after arrival at their destination organelle, nuclear localization signals remain intact and can be located at almost any part of the protein sequence, indicating the possibility of multiple rounds of nucleocytoplasmic transport [ A nuclear localization signal (NLS) was firstly identified through the analysis of muta...

The The nuclear envelope is a double The inner surface of the nuclear envelope has a DNA in prokaryotes is also organized in loops and is bound to small proteins resembling histones, but these structures are not enclosed by a nuclear membrane. Genetic organization of the nucleus The structure of DNA Rearrangements and modifications of the nucleotide sequences in DNA are exceptions to the rules of genetic expression and sometimes cause significant changes in the structure and function of cells. Different cells of the body owe their specialized structures and functions to different genes. This does not mean that the set of genetic information varies among the cells of the body. Indeed, for each cell the entire DNA content of the chromosomes is usually duplicated exactly from generation to generation, and, in general, the genetic content and arrangement is strikingly similar among different cell types of the same organism. As a result, the differentiation of cells can occur without the loss or irreversible inactivation of unnecessary genes, an observation that is Despite the general uniformity of genetic content in all the cells of an organism, studies have shown a few clear examples in some organisms of programmed, reversible change in the DNA of developing tissues. One of the most dramatic rearrangements of DNA occurs in the Careful comparisons of gene structure have also revealed epigenetic modifications, heritable changes that occur on the sugar-phosphate side of bases in...

The nuclear envelope (NE) not only shields the genetic material inside the nucleus, maintains the dynamic shapes of nucleus, and regulates nuclear exchange with cytosol, but also participates in DNA replication, damage repair and transcription regulation. The loss of NE integrity, as observed in various diseases, has been shown to cause genome instability as a result of genetic material leaking into the cytoplasm. An underestimated but critically important factor of genome integrity is the role of NE components that involve in DNA replication and damage repair. In this review, we summarize the triggers of NE loss and its cellular consequences by focusing on the interactions between NE components and DNA replication and repair factors. Studies on how NE mediates DNA replication and damage repair could shed light on the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases such as cancer and laminopathy. A-NHEJ: Alternative non-homologous end joining ATM: Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein ATR: Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein BAF: Barrier-to-autointegration factor cGAS: Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase ChIP: Chromatin immunoprecipitation CHMP: Charged multivesicular body protein DamID: DNA adenine methyltransferase identification DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA-PK: DNA-dependent protein kinase DSBs: Double-strand breaks ESCRT: Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport ER: Endoplasmic reticulum FANCD2: Fanconi anemia group D2 protein HGPS: Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syn...

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. FG-nucleoporins of the nuclear pore complexes form a permeability barrier between the nucleus and the cytosol. FG-nucleoporins contain disordered regions and are prone to aggregation. Two studies identify the chaperone DNAJB6 as a key factor that prevents aggregation of FG-nucleoporins and assists in the biogenesis of nuclear pore complexes. A hallmark of eukaryotic cells is their compartmentalization. The nucleus is connected to the cytoplasm by nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which regulate transport processes in both directions across the nuclear envelope. NPCs are large and complex structures that are (re-)assembled with every cell division. NPCs are composed of nucleoporins and bridge the outer and inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. The passageway is lined by FG-nucleoporins (FG-Nups) that are characterized by natively unfolded domains enriched in phenylalanine-glycine (FG) dipeptide repeats. These FG repeats form a barrier to occlude larger proteins from further entering the NPC, but they also provide docking sites for transport factors to facilitate regulated transport • Beck, M. & Hurt, E. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 18, 73–89 (2017). ...

Abstract The nuclear envelope (NE) separates genomic DNA from the cytoplasm in eukaryotes. The structure of the NE is dynamically altered not only in mitotic disassembly and reassembly but also during interphase. Recent studies have shown that the NE is frequently damaged by various cellular stresses that degenerate NE components and/or disrupt their functional interactions. These stresses are referred to as ‘NE stress’. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that NE stress potentially causes severe cellular dysfunctions, such as cell death and genome instability. In this review, the concept of NE stress, the processes repairing damage of the NE caused by NE stress, and the molecular mechanisms by which NE stress contributes to disease pathogenesis are introduced. Basic structure and functions of the nuclear envelope The nuclear envelope (NE) consists of a double lipid bilayer, the inner nuclear membrane (INM) and the outer nuclear membrane (ONM). The ONM continues to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ( 1). The nuclear lamina is a dense protein meshwork underlying the INM that provides mechanical support to the NE ( 2). The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes connect the NE with the cytoskeleton to withstand and transfer mechanical forces across the NE ( 3). Basic structure of the nuclear envelope. Schematic diagram of the basic structure of the NE. The ONM continues to the membrane of the ER. NPCs span both the ONM and the INM, and medi...

Account icon An icon in the shape of a person's head and shoulders. It often indicates a user profile. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • All • A-Z • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Featured • • About • • • • • • • • Follow • • • • • • • • Subscriptions • • Twitter icon A stylized bird with an open mouth, tweeting. Twitter LinkedIn icon The word "in". LinkedIn Fliboard icon A stylized letter F. Flipboard Facebook Icon The letter F. Facebook Email icon An envelope. It indicates the ability to send an email. Email Link icon An image of a chain link. It symobilizes a website link url. Copy Link Read in app The US is sending depleted-uranium shells to Ukraine that are capable of penetrating Russian tank armor, For several months the Biden administration has been debating whether to provide the shells to Ukraine following concerns over their environmental and health impacts, the outlet reported. But an administration official said that there were now no major obstacles to providing the ammunition. Insider has contacted the White House for comment. Depleted uranium, a by-product of the nuclear enrichment process, is used because it is extremely dense.When used in tank shells, the material is effective because its bulk can penetrate through enemy armor. As Insider's The weapons could hand Ukraine an advantage in tank battles as it launches its campaign to drive Russian forces back...

• العربية • Azərbaycanca • Български • Bosanski • Català • Čeština • Deutsch • Eesti • Español • Euskara • فارسی • Français • Galego • 한국어 • Հայերեն • हिन्दी • Hrvatski • Ido • Italiano • עברית • Lietuvių • Nederlands • 日本語 • Polski • Português • Русиньскый • Русский • Simple English • Српски / srpski • Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски • Suomi • தமிழ் • ไทย • Türkçe • Українська • Tiếng Việt • 中文 The existence of the nucleus, including the nucleoplasm, was first documented as early as 1682 by the Dutch microscopist Role [ ] Many important cell functions take place in the nucleus, more specifically in the nucleoplasm. The main function of the nucleoplasm is to provide the proper environment for essential processes that take place in the nucleus, serving as the suspension substance for all organelles inside the nucleus, and storing the structures that are used in these processes. Composition [ ] The nucleoplasm is a highly viscous liquid that is enveloped by the nuclear membrane and consists mainly of water, proteins, dissolved ions, and a variety of other substances including nucleic acids and minerals. Proteins [ ] Nearly a third of the human protein-coding genes (6784 genes) The nucleoplasm contains many enzymes that are instrumental in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, including Ions [ ] The ionic composition of the nucleoplasm is crucial in maintaining Similarity to cytoplasm [ ] Nucleoplasm is quite similar to the cytoplasm, with the main difference being that nucleoplasm i...