Opv vaccine

Indications • Prevention of poliomyelitis, in combination with the inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV) Composition, forms, route of administration • Live-attenuated virus vaccine, bivalent (poliovirus types 1 and 3) • Oral suspension in multidose vial, to be administered on the tongue, with dropper Dosage and vaccination schedule One dose = 2 drops (approximately 0.1 ml) In endemic areas or areas at risk of poliovirus importation, according to WHO recommendations • Child: 4 doses approximately 4 weeks apart, at birth then at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age The 4 th dose at 14 weeks is administered in combination with a dose of the inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV). Other areas • Child: 3 doses approximately 4 weeks apart, at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age The 3 rd dose at 14 weeks is administered in combination with a dose of the inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV). Contra-indications, adverse effects, precautions • Do not administer in the event of severe immunodepression (risk of paralytic poliomyelitis): use the injectable vaccine IPV (asymptomatic HIV infection is not a contra-indication). • Vaccination should be postponed in the event of severe acute febrile illness (minor infections are not contra-indications). • May cause (exceptionally): paralytic poliomyelitis. • In the event of vomiting or diarrhoea when the vaccine is administered, give the usual dose followed by an extra dose once gastrointestinal symptoms have improved. • Respect an interval of at least 4 w...

Polio has existed since prehistoric times – ancient Egyptian images show children walking with canes, with withered limbs characteristic of the disease. While it affected children around the world for millennia, the first known clinical description of polio, by British doctor Michael Underwood, was not until 1789, and it was formally recognized as a condition in 1840 by German physician Jakob Heine. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, frequent epidemics saw polio become the most feared disease in the world. A major outbreak in New York City in 1916 killed over 2000 people, and the worst recorded US outbreak in 1952 killed over 3000. Many who survived the disease faced lifelong consequences. Deformed limbs meant they needed leg braces, crutches or wheelchairs, and some needed to use breathing devices like the iron lung, an artificial respirator invented for treatment of polio patients. By the mid-20th century, the poliovirus could be found all over the world and killed or paralysed over half a million people every year. With no cure, and epidemics on the rise, there was an urgent need for a vaccine. A breakthrough occurred in 1949, when poliovirus was successfully cultivated in human tissue by John Enders, Thomas Weller and Frederick Robbins at Boston Children’s Hospital. Their pioneering work was recognized with the 1954 Nobel Prize. Not long afterwards, in the early 1950s, the first successful vaccine was created by US physician Jonas Salk. Salk tested his experime...

• Article • • 09 June 2023 Asymptomatic immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived poliovirus infections in two UK children • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-0173 • • • • • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4407-5998 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2223-5057 • • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5326-7081 • … • Show authors Nature Communications volume 14, Article number: 3413 ( 2023) Increasing detections of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) globally, including in countries previously declared polio free, is a public health emergency of international concern. Individuals with primary immunodeficiency (PID) can excrete polioviruses for prolonged periods, which could act as a source of cryptic transmission of viruses with potential to cause neurological disease. Here, we report on the detection of immunodeficiency-associated VDPVs (iVDPV) from two asymptomatic male PID children in the UK in 2019. The first child cleared poliovirus with increased doses of intravenous immunoglobulin, the second child following haematopoetic stem cell transplantation. We perform genetic and phenotypic characterisation of the infecting strains, demonstrating intra-host evolution and a neurovirulent phenotype in transgenic mice. Our findings highlight a pressing need to strengthen polio surveillance. Systematic collection of stool from asymptomatic PID patients who are at high risk for poliovirus excretion could improve the ability to detect and contain iVDPVs. The oral polio vaccine (OPV) has had signi...

OPV Oral poliovirus vaccine The oral polio vaccine is simple to administer. A few drops, given multiple times, can protect a child for life. © WHO/Rod Curtis Oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) are the predominant vaccine used in the fight to eradicate polio. There are different types of oral poliovirus vaccine, which may contain one, a combination of two, or all three different serotypes of attenuated vaccine. Each has their own advantages and disadvantages over the others. The attenuated poliovirus(es) contained in OPV are able to replicate effectively in the intestine, but around 10,000 times less able to enter the central nervous system than the wild virus. This enables individuals to mount an immune response against the virus. Virtually all countries which have eradicated polio used OPV to interrupt person to person transmission of the virus. Advantages • OPVs are all inexpensive (US $0.12-$0.18 for countries procuring through UNICEF in 2016). • OPVs are safe and effective and offer long lasting protection against the serotype(s) which they target. OPV stimulates good mucosal immunity, which is why it is so effective at interrupting transmission of the virus. • OPVs are administered orally and do not require health professionals or sterile needle syringes. As such, OPVs are easy to administer in mass vaccination campaigns. • For several weeks after vaccination the vaccine virus replicates in the intestine, is excreted and can be spread to others in close contact. This mean...

Oral Polio Vaccine • Care notes • • • • What is the oral polio vaccine (OPV)? The OPV is given to help prevent polio. Polio is a disease caused by a virus. The virus damages your brain and spinal cord. This can lead to paralysis or death. The virus is spread through direct contact or in droplets from a cough or sneeze. The OPV is given as drops in the mouth. The OPV has been replaced by the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in the United States. Who should get the OPV? Several types of the OPV are given. The type you get depends on which strain is most common in the area. OPV doses may be given to the following: • Children who have not received any polio vaccine and who are living in or traveling to a high-risk area • Large group vaccination programs to control a current polio sickness or outbreak Who should not get the OPV or should wait to get it? Do not get the OPV if you have had an allergic reaction to it. Tell your healthcare provider if you have or are in close contact with someone who has a weakened immune system. Your provider will tell you if it is safe for you to get the OPV. Wait to get the OPV if you are sick or have a fever on the vaccine appointment day. What are the risks of the OPV? You may still get polio, even after getting the vaccine. You may have an allergic reaction to the vaccine. This can be life-threatening. Treatment options The following list of medications are in some way related to or used in the treatment of this condition. • • • • • Call your ...

Polio returned to the headlines this week after the Polio is a disease caused by the highly infectious poliovirus that can cause paralysis and death in severe cases. Widespread use of polio vaccines, which began in the 1950s, helped to eradicate polio across most of the world, including the United States, although Polio vaccines are highly effective at protecting against the disease. In the United States, the first polio vaccine became available in 1955. There are two types of polio vaccine: the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), although only the latter is still used in the United States. Is the polio vaccine still required in the U.S.? The IPV vaccine, which is the only one used in the U.S., provides around 90 percent immunity against all three types of poliovirus after two doses, and at least 99 percent immunity after three doses, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( Widespread vaccination efforts have helped to eradicate polio across much of the world. Stock image of a health care worker administering the polio vaccine. iStock While there is no federal law that requires people to get this vaccine, which is given by a shot in the arm or leg depending on the person's age, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have state laws requiring children who are entering childcare or public schools to have this vaccination. The CDC recommends that all children get four doses of IPV: one at two months old, one at...