Oral polio vaccine

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Oral Polio Vaccine • • Ambulatory • AMBULATORY CARE: The oral polio vaccine (OPV) is given to help prevent polio. Polio is a disease caused by a virus. The virus damages your brain and spinal cord. This can lead to paralysis or death. The virus is spread through direct contact or in droplets from a cough or sneeze. The OPV is given as drops in the mouth. The OPV has been replaced by the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in the United States. Who should get the OPV: Several types of the OPV are given. The type you get depends on which strain is most common in the area. OPV doses may be given to the following: • Children who have not received any polio vaccine and who are living in or traveling to a high-risk area • Large group vaccination programs to control a current polio sickness or outbreak Who should not get the OPV or should wait to get it: Do not get the OPV if you have had an allergic reaction to it. Tell your healthcare provider if you have or are in close contact with someone who has a weakened immune system. Your provider will tell you if it is safe for you to get the OPV. Wait to get the OPV if you are sick or have a fever on the vaccine appointment day. Risks of the OPV: You may still get polio, even after getting the vaccine. You may have an allergic reaction to the vaccine. This can be life-threatening. Treatment options The following list of medications are in some way related to or used in the treatment of this condition. • • • • • Call your local emergency n...

| | Polio Ask the Experts Polio Polio What is the current status of polio in the world? Since the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched in 1988, the number of polio cases worldwide has declined by more than 99.99%. Among the three wild poliovirus (WPV) serotypes, only type 1 (WPV1) has been detected since 2012. Global eradication of type 2 WPV was declared in 2015; type 3 WPV was declared eradicated in 2019. The number of detected WPV1 cases has reached a historic low (33 cases in 2018 and 176 in 2019) in the last two countries with endemic WPV1 transmission (Afghanistan and Pakistan). This decline in polio cases worldwide is attributable primarily to use of the live, attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in national routine immunization schedules and mass vaccination campaigns. The success and safety record of OPV use is offset by the rare emergence of genetically divergent vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), whose genetic drift from the parental OPV strains indicates prolonged replication or circulation. Circulating VDPVs (cVDPVs) can emerge in areas with low immunization coverage and can cause outbreaks of paralytic polio. In addition, immunodeficiency-associated VDPVs (iVDPVs) can emerge in persons with primary immunodeficiencies and can replicate and be excreted for years. During January 2018–March 2020 new cVDPV outbreaks were confirmed in 26 countries; of those, cVDPV2 strains were the most frequently detected, causing 547 cases in 21 countries. Afte...

Polio can be prevented through immunization. Polio vaccine, given multiple times, almost always protects a child for life. The development of effective vaccines to prevent paralytic polio was one of the major medical breakthroughs of the 20th century. There are six different vaccines to stop polio transmission: • Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) – protects against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 • Trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV) – protects against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 - following the "OPV Switch" in April 2016, tOPV is no longer in use • Bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV) – protects against poliovirus types 1, and 3 • Monovalent oral polio vaccines (mOPV1, mOPV2 and mOPV3) – protect against each individual type of poliovirus, respectively If enough people in a community are immunized, the virus will be deprived of susceptible hosts and will die out. High levels of vaccination coverage must be maintained to stop transmission and prevent outbreaks occurring. The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategy In May 2012, the World Health Assembly declared the completion of polio eradication a programmatic emergency for global public health and the In the new Eradication and Endgame strategy, research is a vital component of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, providing the necessary evidence to guide the final steps to a lasting polio-free world and beyond. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative coordinates and supports an extensive program of research from a wide rang...

• Article • • 14 June 2023 Genetic stabilization of attenuated oral vaccines against poliovirus types 1 and 3 • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7158-8134 • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8309-5540 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5503-9349 • … • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8687-1573 Show authors Nature ( 2023) Three poliovirus serotypes exist. Wild poliovirus (WPV) types 2 and 3 have been eradicated but WPV1 still causes disease in Afghanistan and Pakistan Eradication of polioviruses is within reach To confront the challenge of reversion of OPVs to cVDPVs, we developed a safer type 2 vaccine strain (nOPV2). In brief, an RNA structure within the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) involved in attenuation of virus replication in neurons—domain V—was stabilized by replacement of all G–U pairs with C–G or U–A pairs so that the virus could not regain neurovirulence via a single point mutation cis-acting replication element ( cre) to the 5′UTR, to protect modified domain V from replacement through a single recombination event, and two amino acid substitutions in the RNA polymerase (3D) to improve fidelity and reduce the frequency of recombination events Highly attenuated and genetically stable type 1 and 3 vaccine candidates, such as nOPV2, could be used in an outbreak response. Acceleration of the licensure and WHO prequalification of nOPV2 may facilitate wider use of the vaccine To engineer new type 1 and 3 Sabin strains, we replaced the capsid (P1) region of nOPV2 candidate 1 (-c1) with...

I have just figured out that during the coming summer, thirty or forty thousand children will get polio. About fifteen thousand of them will be paralyzed and more than a thousand will die. If we have the capacity to prevent this, we have a social responsibility... we are supported by the people and it is our duty to save lives no matter how many difficulties may be involved. Basil O'Connor, president of March of Dimes, 1954 From the early 1900s, researchers pursued two different kinds of polio vaccine. One used inactivated (killed) viruses. The other kind used live but attenuated, or weakened, virus. Jonas Salk was the leading proponent of the killed virus approach, and Albert Sabin became the foremost proponent of the attenuated virus approach. • At its peak incidence in the early 1950s, poliomyelitis occurred at a rate of 13.6 cases per 100,000 population. By comparison, the incidence of cancer in 2005is 566.1 per 100,000. • Edward Jenner created the first successful vaccination for a disease—smallpox—in 1796. At the time of the polio clinical trials, there were three widely used vaccines: for yellow fever (1937), rabies (1885), and smallpox. Today there are over 300 vaccines for about thirty different diseases. • There are two kinds of polio vaccine. IPV (Salk’s) is an injected shot used today primarily in the United States and Europe. OPV (Sabin’s) is given orally in drop form and used in global efforts to stop polio transmission. The Salk Vaccine The chief advantage o...

Extract fromthe second joint meeting of WHO GACVS and WHO ACSoMP , published in the WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record of 3 March 2023 nOPV2 is a novel oral poliomyelitis (polio) vaccine type 2 (‎nOPV2)‎ that was developed to address the evolving risk of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2). A total of 525 million doses of nOPV2 have been administered in 25 countries since its first use in March 2021 up to early December 2022. Most doses have been used in Nigeria, especially in northern Nigeria. Genetic sequencing of nOPV2 samples collected during field use confirms that the vaccine has retained its enhanced genetic stability, compared with Sabin OPV2. To date, only one sample (three isolates from same sample) from Uganda out of a total of 600 has shown reversion at the primary attenuation sites (domain V and cre). Recent data from a clinical study assessing nOPV2 immunogenicity in naïve neonates in Bangladesh showed 46% seroconversion following the first dose given at birth (compared with 21% with the birth dose of Sabin OPV2) and 90% seroconversion following the second dose given at 4 weeks (compared with 90% with the second dose of Sabin OPV2). Data from field-use shows that about 70% of countries have no evidence of breakthrough transmission following two vaccination campaigns which is similar to what is seen with Sabin OPV2. However, effectiveness varies by setting, highlighting the importance of strong vaccination programmes, high quality campaigns, ...

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