Primary memory

Control of Information Distribution and Access Ralf Hauser, in Advances in Computers, 1997 3.4.1Potential Conflicts Storage of not-yet-solicited information is not the first idea to target unused disk space. Others include the following: 1. Swap space for primary memory. Normally, this is allocated as explicitly reserved space just in one big file or subdirectory, but it might well also be extended to unused disk space. 2. Use caches for networked file/information systems such as AFS [57] and DFS [32] or the WWW. 3. Seminal work has been done to extend the approaches of file system caches for disconnected and loosely connected computing. The primary assumption is that because of the cooperative nature of most working environments and the shared and incremental administration of modern LAN-based group environments, it is impossible to carry all the information needed for someone’s work on local storage of a mobile device such as a laptop. J. Kistler et al. [58, 59] therefore built the functionality to hoard potentially useful information and files in caches before the disconnection of the laptop. A profiling mechanism facilitates intelligent management of what to hoard, and a reconciliation mechanism allows graceful resolution of inconsistencies that were created because of the optimistic approach that write-write conflicts are rare and need no a priori prevention. This hoarding may certainly become a serious competitor to not-yet-solicited information for unused disk space...

How to Upgrade or Install System Memory or RAM in a Dell Computer This article provides information about upgrading or installing the system memory or RAM on a Dell computer. Identifying the correct memory type, the number of modules that are supported on a computer, and the maximum memory that is supported is important to understand before purchasing or upgrading the memory on a computer. Summary: This article provides information about upgrading or installing the system memory or RAM on a Dell computer. Identifying the correct memory type, the number of modules that are supported on a computer, and the maximum memory that is supported is important to understand before purchasing or upgrading the memory on a computer. ... View More View Less What is RAM or System Memory? Random Access Memory (RAM) also known as system memory, main memory, primary memory is a computer's temporary data storage device. It stores the information that the computer is actively using so that it can be accessed quickly. The more programs that your computer is running, the more memory it uses toperform properly. Cause What is the benefit of upgrading the memory? Upgrading the system memory or RAM helps improve the overall performance of the computer. Improve application performance while multitasking. Improve gaming performance, and so on. To improve the performance of a computer, sometimes a RAM or system memory upgrade is recommended. An upgrade means adding memory modules along with the existin...

As primary storage, early computers employed After that, semiconductor memory has become economically competitive due to advancements in integrated circuit (IC) technology. This led to modern random-access memory (RAM) of a computer is known as a physical memory or primary memory. It usually sits on the motherboard. Physical memory is a volatile memory, and it has a limited size because of the RAM chip. As a result, it needs a consistent flow to store data. On the other hand, power issues and interruptions have the potential to erase data from the physical memory. Physical memory can also be accessed in a linear manner. To put it another way, the memory address increases in a linear fashion. Also, it holds the instructions of programs to execute, and it is the only storage type that the CPU can access directly. The below figure shows a RAM known as a physical memory or primary memory: The hard disk generally stores the programs. It takes longer for the CPU to access the hard disk every time in order to execute programs. Therefore, if physical memory initially stores the programs, the CPU can process them more quickly. Accessing data via physical memory requires less time than accessing data from a hard drive. The programs return to the hard drive when they have completed their execution. Similarly, a new application can use free memory in order to run. We call them processes when they start to execute. 3. Virtual Memory As we mentioned above, the primary memory such as RAM...

A faster and smaller segment of memory whose access time is as close as registers are known as Cache memory. In a Need of cache memory Data in primary memory can be accessed faster than secondary memory but still, access times of primary memory are generally in few microseconds, whereas CPU is capable of performing operations in nanoseconds. Due to the time lag between accessing data and acting of data performance of the system decreases as the CPU is not utilized properly, it may remain idle for some time. In order to minimize this time gap new segment of memory is Introduced known as Cache Memory. How does cache work? In order to understand the working of cache we must understand few points: • Cache memory is faster, they can be accessed very fast • Cache memory is smaller, a large amount of data cannot be stored Whenever CPU needs any data it searches for corresponding data in the cache (fast process) if data is found, it processes the data according to instructions, however, if data is not found in the cache CPU search for that data in primary memory(slower process) and loads it into the cache. This ensures frequently accessed data are always found in the cache and hence minimizes the time required to access the data. Cache performance • On searching in the cache if data is found, a cache hit has occurred. • On searching in the cache if data is not found, a cache miss has occurred. Performance of cache is measured by the number of cache hits to the number of searches. ...

Primary Primary Memory and Working Memory The computer model represented an enormous change in the way we thought about memory. It completely refocused memory research. Instead of looking at retention by an undifferentiated memory system, cognitive psychologists began to examine the properties of different storage structures. For a while, most of this research was focused on the sensory registers and primary memory. The Icon and the Echo At the lowest end of the multistore model of memory lie the sensory registers -- one for each sensory modality: the icon, the echo, and other analogous sensory memories, in which information arriving from the sensory surfaces is held for a brief time before being copied to primary memory. • In theory, the sensory registers have unlimited capacity, holding all the information arriving from the sensory surfaces. • Information in the sensory registers is represented in pre-categorical form, not yet processed for meaning. • The contents in the sensory registers are retained only very briefly, perhaps for less than a second. • Information in the sensory registers cannot be maintained by any kind of cognitive activity. • Unless they are copied to primary memory, the contents of the sensory registers are permanently lost, either through decay or through displacement by other information newly arriving from the sensory registers. We know this from experiments employing a paradigm devised by George Sperling (1960), in which subjects were briefly pr...

There are many types of RAM, so you may hear it called by other names. It's also known as main memory, internal memory, primary storage, primary memory, memory "stick", and RAM "stick". What Is RAM? Put simply, the purpose of RAM is to provide quick read and write access to a storage device. Your computer uses RAM to load data because it's much quicker than running that same data directly off of a hard drive. Lifewire / Kyle Fewel Think of RAM like an office desk. A desk is used for quick access to important documents, writing tools, and other items that you need right now. Without a desk, you'd keep everything stored in drawers and filing cabinets, meaning it would take much longer to do your everyday tasks since you would have to constantly reach into these storage compartments to get what you need, and then spend additional time putting them away. Similarly, all the data you're actively using on your computer (or smartphone, tablet, etc.) is temporarily stored in RAM. This type of memory, like a desk in the analogy, provides much faster read/write times than using a hard drive. Most hard drives are considerably slower than RAM due to physical limitations like rotation speed. RAM Works With Your Hard Drive (But They're Different Things) RAM is typically referred to simply as "memory" even though other types of memory may exist inside a computer. RAM, which is the focus of this article, has nothing at all to do with the amount of file storage a hard drive has, even though...

Primary Primary Memory and Working Memory The computer model represented an enormous change in the way we thought about memory. It completely refocused memory research. Instead of looking at retention by an undifferentiated memory system, cognitive psychologists began to examine the properties of different storage structures. For a while, most of this research was focused on the sensory registers and primary memory. The Icon and the Echo At the lowest end of the multistore model of memory lie the sensory registers -- one for each sensory modality: the icon, the echo, and other analogous sensory memories, in which information arriving from the sensory surfaces is held for a brief time before being copied to primary memory. • In theory, the sensory registers have unlimited capacity, holding all the information arriving from the sensory surfaces. • Information in the sensory registers is represented in pre-categorical form, not yet processed for meaning. • The contents in the sensory registers are retained only very briefly, perhaps for less than a second. • Information in the sensory registers cannot be maintained by any kind of cognitive activity. • Unless they are copied to primary memory, the contents of the sensory registers are permanently lost, either through decay or through displacement by other information newly arriving from the sensory registers. We know this from experiments employing a paradigm devised by George Sperling (1960), in which subjects were briefly pr...

A faster and smaller segment of memory whose access time is as close as registers are known as Cache memory. In a Need of cache memory Data in primary memory can be accessed faster than secondary memory but still, access times of primary memory are generally in few microseconds, whereas CPU is capable of performing operations in nanoseconds. Due to the time lag between accessing data and acting of data performance of the system decreases as the CPU is not utilized properly, it may remain idle for some time. In order to minimize this time gap new segment of memory is Introduced known as Cache Memory. How does cache work? In order to understand the working of cache we must understand few points: • Cache memory is faster, they can be accessed very fast • Cache memory is smaller, a large amount of data cannot be stored Whenever CPU needs any data it searches for corresponding data in the cache (fast process) if data is found, it processes the data according to instructions, however, if data is not found in the cache CPU search for that data in primary memory(slower process) and loads it into the cache. This ensures frequently accessed data are always found in the cache and hence minimizes the time required to access the data. Cache performance • On searching in the cache if data is found, a cache hit has occurred. • On searching in the cache if data is not found, a cache miss has occurred. Performance of cache is measured by the number of cache hits to the number of searches. ...

As primary storage, early computers employed After that, semiconductor memory has become economically competitive due to advancements in integrated circuit (IC) technology. This led to modern random-access memory (RAM) of a computer is known as a physical memory or primary memory. It usually sits on the motherboard. Physical memory is a volatile memory, and it has a limited size because of the RAM chip. As a result, it needs a consistent flow to store data. On the other hand, power issues and interruptions have the potential to erase data from the physical memory. Physical memory can also be accessed in a linear manner. To put it another way, the memory address increases in a linear fashion. Also, it holds the instructions of programs to execute, and it is the only storage type that the CPU can access directly. The below figure shows a RAM known as a physical memory or primary memory: The hard disk generally stores the programs. It takes longer for the CPU to access the hard disk every time in order to execute programs. Therefore, if physical memory initially stores the programs, the CPU can process them more quickly. Accessing data via physical memory requires less time than accessing data from a hard drive. The programs return to the hard drive when they have completed their execution. Similarly, a new application can use free memory in order to run. We call them processes when they start to execute. 3. Virtual Memory As we mentioned above, the primary memory such as RAM...

Control of Information Distribution and Access Ralf Hauser, in Advances in Computers, 1997 3.4.1Potential Conflicts Storage of not-yet-solicited information is not the first idea to target unused disk space. Others include the following: 1. Swap space for primary memory. Normally, this is allocated as explicitly reserved space just in one big file or subdirectory, but it might well also be extended to unused disk space. 2. Use caches for networked file/information systems such as AFS [57] and DFS [32] or the WWW. 3. Seminal work has been done to extend the approaches of file system caches for disconnected and loosely connected computing. The primary assumption is that because of the cooperative nature of most working environments and the shared and incremental administration of modern LAN-based group environments, it is impossible to carry all the information needed for someone’s work on local storage of a mobile device such as a laptop. J. Kistler et al. [58, 59] therefore built the functionality to hoard potentially useful information and files in caches before the disconnection of the laptop. A profiling mechanism facilitates intelligent management of what to hoard, and a reconciliation mechanism allows graceful resolution of inconsistencies that were created because of the optimistic approach that write-write conflicts are rare and need no a priori prevention. This hoarding may certainly become a serious competitor to not-yet-solicited information for unused disk space...