Qing dynasty

The emperor of China from The Universal Traveller In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the " The The personnel administration of all civil officials – including evaluation, promotion, and dismissal. It was also in charge of the "honours list". Board of Revenue [ ] The literal translation of the Chinese word hu ( 戶; 户) is "household". For much of Qing history, the government's main source of revenue came from taxation on landownership supplemented by The Board of Revenue was second in importance only to the Board of Civil appointments which was ranked first. It followed the Qing practice of 1 supervising minister (normally Manchu) and 2 ministers (1 Manchu 1 Chinese) and 2 vice-ministers (1 Manchu 1 Chinese). The Board was tasked with keeping a record of lands, provincial borders and conducting a census. The Board also controlled the collection of taxes, non-military salaries, auditing of their provincial counterparts both their treasuries and granaries as well as the central treasury, the transportation of taxes and tributes. Additionally, its responsibilities included coinage, the custom house network and the system of weights and measurements alongside the Department of works. The Board had 14 bureaus which were responsible to it: • The Board of Jiangsu and Anhui, which was responsible for land and poll taxes in the aforementioned provinces as well as the...

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• • • • • • • • • bce • bce • bce • • • • • • • • • • • • bce) • • • • • • • • • bce) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ce) • ce) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The Qing empire After 1683 the Qing rulers turned their attention to consolidating control over their frontiers. Military expansion was matched by the internal migration of Chinese settlers into parts of China that were dominated by aboriginal or non-Han ethnic groups. The evacuation of the south and southeast coast during the 1660s spurred a westward migration of an ethnic minority, the Political institutions The Qing had come to power because of their success at winning Chinese over to their side; in the late 17th century they adroitly pursued similar policies to win the The early Qing emperors were vigorous and forceful rulers. The first emperor, Fulin (reign name, sui (about five years in Western calculations). His reign (1644–61) was dominated by his uncle and regent, The Kangxi emperor’s designated heir, his son The Ten Great Victories. He was both noted for his patronage of the arts and Siku quanshu (“Complete Library of the Fou...

Fall of the Ming Dynasty Near the end of the A full-scale invasion followed. China was defeated in 1644, with Emperor Shunzhi establishing the Qing Dynasty. Many of the new Han subjects faced discrimination. Han men were required to cut their hair in Mongolian fashion or face execution. Han intellectuals attempted to criticize the rulers through literature; many were rounded up and beheaded. Han people were also relocated from the power centers of Beijing. Emperor Kangxi Kangxi ruled for 61 years, from 1662 to 1722, the longest of any Chinese emperor. He oversaw several cultural leaps, including the creation of a dictionary considered the best standardization of the Han language and the funding of surveys to create the most extensive maps of China up to that time. Kangxi also reduced taxes and stifled corruption and governmental excess. He enacted policies that were favorable to farmers and stopped land seizures. He trimmed his own staff and expenditures significantly. Kangxi also squashed military threats, pushing back three Han rebellions and seizing Taiwan. Kangxi also stopped continuous invasion attempts by Tsarist Russia and brokered the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, which brought a vast area of Siberia into Chinese control and allowed him to stifle rebellion in Mongolia. Potatoes and corn—plants native to the Americas—were introduced as crops during Kangxi’s reign, and food was considered plentiful during that time. Additionally, Kangxi oversaw an explosion in exports...

Qing philosophy refers to the topography of the intellectual terrain of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century China, which sported coherent patterns and modes of intellection and argumentation among the texts and writings of the scholars in the period. In accordance with the current historiographical convention, the time-span fell within the so-called “late imperial” era that encompassed the transition from the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) to the Qing (1644–1911), as well as the first half of the Qing imperium. That Qing philosophy is distinguished as an independent subject and entity, with its presumed boundaries and prominent features, is not merely a function of chronology. Rather, it points to a substantial departure from the preceding intellectual traditions, which in their aggregate form, amounted to Neo-Confucianism of the Song (960–1279) and Ming times. While Neo-Confucianism was not a monolith to be sure, to the extent that it argued robustly on behalf of individual moral introspection via one’s nature ( xing) and mind-heart ( xin) as the realization of ultimate metaphysical truths—variously construed as heaven ( tian), principle ( li), the great ultimate ( taiji), and the Way ( dao)—it represented the foremost unfolding and predictive reality-principle that was Song-Ming thought in its totality. Qing philosophy, being in many ways a negative reaction to it, was a rupture to begin with, even though in terms of intellectual history, multifarious aspects of continuity, ap...

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Key Points • Under the Qing Dynasty , traditional forms of art flourished and innovations were made at many levels and in many types. High levels of literacy, prosperous cities, a successful publishing industry, and the Confucian emphasis on cultivation all fed a lively and creative set of cultural fields. • The early Qing dynasty developed in two main strands: the Orthodox School and the Individualist painters. Both approaches followed the theories of Dong Qichang but stressed different aspects. • The Six Masters of the early Qing period were a group of major Orthodox artists whose art was generally conservative, cautious, subtle, and complex, in contrast to the vigorous and vivid painting of their individualist contemporaries.The Four Wangs—Wang Jian, Wang Shimin, Wang Yuanqi, and Wang Hui—were particularly renowned in the Orthodox School and sought inspiration in recreating the past styles , especially the technical skills in brushstrokes and calligraphy of ancient masters. Overview: Qing Dynasty Painting The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state. Under the Qing Dynasty, traditional forms of art flourished and many types of innovations were made a...

Portrait of Lady Guan, Qing dynasty, Kangxi reign or later, mid 17th-early 18th century, ink and color on silk, China 343 x 145 cm (Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC: Purchase — Smithsonian Collections Acquisition Program and partial gift of Richard G. Pritzlaff, S1991.121) The Qing dynasty, especially in the eighteenth century when the Qing empire was the largest and most prosperous in the world, saw prolific cultural and artistic achievements. Three Qing emperors were responsible for the notable stability and prosperity of the period. They were Kangxi (reigned 1661–1722), Yongzheng (reigned 1722–1735), and Qianlong (reigned 1735–1796). Vase of bottle shape with “garlic” mouth, Qing dynasty or possibly modern, Qianlong reign, 1736-1795, or possibly early 20th century, Jingdezhen ware, porcelain with enamels over clear, colorless glaze; ivory stand, China, Jiangxi province, Jingdezhen, 17.2 x 9.5 cm (Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC: Purchase — Charles Lang Freer Endowment, F1954.127a-e) The ceramic industry reached a new height during the Qing dynasty and created some of the most splendid porcelains ever crafted. An immense variety of porcelains was produced, which included those for imperial use, for popular consumption, and for export. Close contact between the court and resident European Jesuits in China had a great effect on aspects of Qing art. Some porcelains of the period displayed features that reflecte...

The emperor of China from The Universal Traveller In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the " The The personnel administration of all civil officials – including evaluation, promotion, and dismissal. It was also in charge of the "honours list". Board of Revenue [ ] The literal translation of the Chinese word hu ( 戶; 户) is "household". For much of Qing history, the government's main source of revenue came from taxation on landownership supplemented by The Board of Revenue was second in importance only to the Board of Civil appointments which was ranked first. It followed the Qing practice of 1 supervising minister (normally Manchu) and 2 ministers (1 Manchu 1 Chinese) and 2 vice-ministers (1 Manchu 1 Chinese). The Board was tasked with keeping a record of lands, provincial borders and conducting a census. The Board also controlled the collection of taxes, non-military salaries, auditing of their provincial counterparts both their treasuries and granaries as well as the central treasury, the transportation of taxes and tributes. Additionally, its responsibilities included coinage, the custom house network and the system of weights and measurements alongside the Department of works. The Board had 14 bureaus which were responsible to it: • The Board of Jiangsu and Anhui, which was responsible for land and poll taxes in the aforementioned provinces as well as the...

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Key Points • Under the Qing Dynasty , traditional forms of art flourished and innovations were made at many levels and in many types. High levels of literacy, prosperous cities, a successful publishing industry, and the Confucian emphasis on cultivation all fed a lively and creative set of cultural fields. • The early Qing dynasty developed in two main strands: the Orthodox School and the Individualist painters. Both approaches followed the theories of Dong Qichang but stressed different aspects. • The Six Masters of the early Qing period were a group of major Orthodox artists whose art was generally conservative, cautious, subtle, and complex, in contrast to the vigorous and vivid painting of their individualist contemporaries.The Four Wangs—Wang Jian, Wang Shimin, Wang Yuanqi, and Wang Hui—were particularly renowned in the Orthodox School and sought inspiration in recreating the past styles , especially the technical skills in brushstrokes and calligraphy of ancient masters. Overview: Qing Dynasty Painting The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state. Under the Qing Dynasty, traditional forms of art flourished and many types of innovations were made a...