The shear modulus is the proportionality constant in Equation 12.33 and is defined by the ratio of stress to strain. Shear modulus is commonly denoted by S: 12.43. Figure 12.24 An object under shear stress: Two antiparallel forces of equal magnitude are applied tangentially to opposite parallel surfaces of the object.

Longitudinal strain refers to the deformation in a material when subjected to an applied force or stress in the same direction as its original length. In this article, we will explore what longitudinal strain is, how it is calculated using a simple formula, the units used to measure it, and its significance in understanding the behaviour of.