Spinal cord cerebrum pons cerebellum

Cerebrum The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, located superiorly and anteriorly in relation to the brainstem. It consists of two cerebral hemispheres (left and right), separated by the falx cerebri of the dura mater. Embryologically, the cerebrum is derived from the telencephalon. The cerebrum is comprised of two different types of tissue – grey matter and white matter: - Grey matter forms the surface of each cerebral hemisphere (known as the cerebral cortex), and is associated with processing and cognition. - White matter forms the bulk of the deeper parts of the brain. It consists of glial cells and myelinated axons that connect the various grey matter areas. The cerebral cortex is classified into four lobes, according to the name of the corresponding cranial bone that approximately overlies each part. Each lobe contains various cortical association areas – where information from different modalities are collated for processing. Together, these areas function to give us a meaningful perceptual interpretation and experience of our surrounding environment. Externally, the cerebrum has a highly convoluted appearance, consisting of sulci (grooves or depressions) and gyri (ridges or elevations). It is divided into two anatomically symmetrical hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure – a major sulcus that runs in the median sagittal plane. The falx cerebri (a fold of dura mater) descends vertically to fill this fissure. The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by a ...

• العربية • تۆرکجه • বাংলা • བོད་ཡིག • Bosanski • Brezhoneg • Català • Čeština • Dansk • Deutsch • Eesti • Ελληνικά • Español • Esperanto • Euskara • فارسی • Français • Gaeilge • Galego • 한국어 • Bahasa Indonesia • Italiano • עברית • Jawa • Қазақша • Kreyòl ayisyen • Kurdî • Latviešu • Lietuvių • Magyar • Bahasa Melayu • Nederlands • 日本語 • Norsk bokmål • Norsk nynorsk • Polski • Português • Română • Русский • Simple English • Slovenčina • Slovenščina • کوردی • Српски / srpski • Suomi • Svenska • தமிழ் • ไทย • Türkçe • Українська • ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche • Tiếng Việt • 粵語 • 中文 The brainstem (or brain stem) is the stalk-like :152 part of the :152 The midbrain is continuous with the :152 The brainstem is very small, making up around only 2.6 percent of the brain's total weight. :195 It has the critical roles of regulating Structure [ ] The parts of the brainstem are the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata; the diencephalon is sometimes considered part of the brainstem. :248 The brainstem extends from just above the Midbrain [ ] The main supply of blood to the brainstem is provided by the :740 Development [ ] The human brainstem emerges from two of the three Function [ ] There are three main functions of the brainstem: • The brainstem plays a role in conduction. That is, all information relayed from the body to the cerebrum and cerebellum and vice versa must traverse the brainstem. The ascending pathways coming from the body to the brain are the sensory pathways and incl...

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Name the major regions of the adult brain • Describe the connections between the cerebrum and brain stem through the diencephalon, and from those regions into the spinal cord • Recognize the complex connections within the subcortical structures of the basal nuclei • Explain the arrangement of gray and white matter in the spinal cord The brain and the spinal cord are the central nervous system, and they represent the main organs of the nervous system. The spinal cord is a single structure, whereas the adult brain is described in terms of four major regions: the cerebrum, the diencephalon, the brain stem, and the cerebellum. A person’s conscious experiences are based on neural activity in the brain. The regulation of homeostasis is governed by a specialized region in the brain. The coordination of reflexes depends on the integration of sensory and motor pathways in the spinal cord. The Cerebrum The iconic gray mantle of the human brain, which appears to make up most of the mass of the brain, is the cerebrum ( cerebral cortex, and the rest of the structure is beneath that outer covering. There is a large separation between the two sides of the cerebrum called the longitudinal fissure. It separates the cerebrum into two distinct halves, a right and left cerebral hemisphere. Deep within the cerebrum, the white matter of the corpus callosum provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemisphe...

Figure 1.1 Lateral view of human embryo at the beginning of the 3rd (A) and 5th (B) week of gestation. The adult human brain weighs between 1,200 to 1,500 g and contains about one trillion cells. It occupies a volume of about 1400 cc - approximately 2% of the total body weight, and receives 20% of the blood, oxygen, and calories supplied to the body. The adult spinal cord is approximately 40 to 50 cm long and occupies about 150 cc. The brain and the spinal cord arise in early development from the neural tube, which expands in the front of the embryo to form the three primary brain divisions: the prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain) (Figure 1.1A). These three vesicles further differentiate into five subdivisions: telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and the myelencephalon (Figure 1.1B). The mesencephalon, metencephalon, and the myelencephalon comprise the brain stem. The telencephalon includes the cerebral cortex (cortex is the outer layer of the brain), which represents the highest level of neuronal organization and function (Figures 1.2A and 1.2B). The cerebral cortex consists of various types of cortices (such as the olfactory bulbs, Figure 1.2B) as well as closely related subcortical structures such as the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus, amygdala and the hippocampal formation (Figure 1.2C). Figure 1.2 Lateral (A) and ventral (B) views of the cerebral cortex. Coronal view (C) of subcortical structur...

Cerebrum The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, located superiorly and anteriorly in relation to the brainstem. It consists of two cerebral hemispheres (left and right), separated by the falx cerebri of the dura mater. Embryologically, the cerebrum is derived from the telencephalon. The cerebrum is comprised of two different types of tissue – grey matter and white matter: - Grey matter forms the surface of each cerebral hemisphere (known as the cerebral cortex), and is associated with processing and cognition. - White matter forms the bulk of the deeper parts of the brain. It consists of glial cells and myelinated axons that connect the various grey matter areas. The cerebral cortex is classified into four lobes, according to the name of the corresponding cranial bone that approximately overlies each part. Each lobe contains various cortical association areas – where information from different modalities are collated for processing. Together, these areas function to give us a meaningful perceptual interpretation and experience of our surrounding environment. Externally, the cerebrum has a highly convoluted appearance, consisting of sulci (grooves or depressions) and gyri (ridges or elevations). It is divided into two anatomically symmetrical hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure – a major sulcus that runs in the median sagittal plane. The falx cerebri (a fold of dura mater) descends vertically to fill this fissure. The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by a ...

Figure 1.1 Lateral view of human embryo at the beginning of the 3rd (A) and 5th (B) week of gestation. The adult human brain weighs between 1,200 to 1,500 g and contains about one trillion cells. It occupies a volume of about 1400 cc - approximately 2% of the total body weight, and receives 20% of the blood, oxygen, and calories supplied to the body. The adult spinal cord is approximately 40 to 50 cm long and occupies about 150 cc. The brain and the spinal cord arise in early development from the neural tube, which expands in the front of the embryo to form the three primary brain divisions: the prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain) (Figure 1.1A). These three vesicles further differentiate into five subdivisions: telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and the myelencephalon (Figure 1.1B). The mesencephalon, metencephalon, and the myelencephalon comprise the brain stem. The telencephalon includes the cerebral cortex (cortex is the outer layer of the brain), which represents the highest level of neuronal organization and function (Figures 1.2A and 1.2B). The cerebral cortex consists of various types of cortices (such as the olfactory bulbs, Figure 1.2B) as well as closely related subcortical structures such as the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus, amygdala and the hippocampal formation (Figure 1.2C). Figure 1.2 Lateral (A) and ventral (B) views of the cerebral cortex. Coronal view (C) of subcortical structur...

• العربية • تۆرکجه • বাংলা • བོད་ཡིག • Bosanski • Brezhoneg • Català • Čeština • Dansk • Deutsch • Eesti • Ελληνικά • Español • Esperanto • Euskara • فارسی • Français • Gaeilge • Galego • 한국어 • Bahasa Indonesia • Italiano • עברית • Jawa • Қазақша • Kreyòl ayisyen • Kurdî • Latviešu • Lietuvių • Magyar • Bahasa Melayu • Nederlands • 日本語 • Norsk bokmål • Norsk nynorsk • Polski • Português • Română • Русский • Simple English • Slovenčina • Slovenščina • کوردی • Српски / srpski • Suomi • Svenska • தமிழ் • ไทย • Türkçe • Українська • ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche • Tiếng Việt • 粵語 • 中文 The brainstem (or brain stem) is the stalk-like :152 part of the :152 The midbrain is continuous with the :152 The brainstem is very small, making up around only 2.6 percent of the brain's total weight. :195 It has the critical roles of regulating Structure [ ] The parts of the brainstem are the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata; the diencephalon is sometimes considered part of the brainstem. :248 The brainstem extends from just above the Midbrain [ ] The main supply of blood to the brainstem is provided by the :740 Development [ ] The human brainstem emerges from two of the three Function [ ] There are three main functions of the brainstem: • The brainstem plays a role in conduction. That is, all information relayed from the body to the cerebrum and cerebellum and vice versa must traverse the brainstem. The ascending pathways coming from the body to the brain are the sensory pathways and incl...

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Name the major regions of the adult brain • Describe the connections between the cerebrum and brain stem through the diencephalon, and from those regions into the spinal cord • Recognize the complex connections within the subcortical structures of the basal nuclei • Explain the arrangement of gray and white matter in the spinal cord The brain and the spinal cord are the central nervous system, and they represent the main organs of the nervous system. The spinal cord is a single structure, whereas the adult brain is described in terms of four major regions: the cerebrum, the diencephalon, the brain stem, and the cerebellum. A person’s conscious experiences are based on neural activity in the brain. The regulation of homeostasis is governed by a specialized region in the brain. The coordination of reflexes depends on the integration of sensory and motor pathways in the spinal cord. The Cerebrum The iconic gray mantle of the human brain, which appears to make up most of the mass of the brain, is the cerebrum ( cerebral cortex, and the rest of the structure is beneath that outer covering. There is a large separation between the two sides of the cerebrum called the longitudinal fissure. It separates the cerebrum into two distinct halves, a right and left cerebral hemisphere. Deep within the cerebrum, the white matter of the corpus callosum provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemisphe...