Structure of kidney

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Distinguish the histological differences between the renal cortex and medulla • Describe the structure of the filtration membrane • Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules, and renal capillaries • Discuss the function of the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta • Identify the location of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and describe the cells that line it • Describe the histology of the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting ducts The renal structures that conduct the essential work of the kidney cannot be seen by the naked eye. Only a light or electron microscope can reveal these structures. Even then, serial sections and computer reconstruction are necessary to give us a comprehensive view of the functional anatomy of the nephron and its associated blood vessels. Renal Corpuscle As discussed earlier, the renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called the glomerulus that is largely surrounded by Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule. The glomerulus is a high-pressure capillary bed between afferent and efferent arterioles. Bowman’s capsule surrounds the glomerulus to form a lumen, and captures and directs this filtrate to the PCT. The outermost part of Bowman’s capsule, the parietal layer, is a simple squamous epithelium. It transitions onto the glomerular capillaries in an intimate embrace to form the visceral l...

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\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • The cortex and medulla make up two of the internal layers of a kidney and are composed of individual filtering units known as nephrons. Key Points • The renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal pelvis are the three main internal regions found in a kidney. • Nephrons, masses of tiny tubules, are largely located in the medulla and receive fluid from the blood vessels in the renal cortex. • The renal cortex produces erythropotein. • The kidneys are made up by three external layers, which include the renal fascia (the outermost layer), the perirenal fat capsule, and lastly, the innermost layer, the renal capsule, which then surround the space of the renal cortex. • The Bowman’s or renal capsule, located at one end of each nephron in the cortex of the kidney, is the blood-filtering region of the nephron. • The renal pelvis contains a hilium —the concave site in which the renal artery and vein and nerves enter the kidney and the ureter leaves the kidney. Key Terms • renal medulla: The inner-most region of the kidney, arranged into pyramid-like structures, that consists of the bulk of nephron structure. • renal cortex: The outer region of the kidney, between the renal capsule and the renal medulla, that consists of a space that contains blood vessels that connect to the nephrons. • nephron: The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney that filters the blood in order to regulate chemical concentrations and produce urine. There are three major r...

The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. The kidneys help remove waste products from the body, maintain balanced electrolyte levels, and regulate blood pressure. The kidneys are some of the most important organs in the body. The ancient Egyptians left only the brain and kidneys in position before embalming a body, inferring that they held a higher value than other organs. In this article, we look at the structure and function of the kidneys, the diseases that affect them, and how to keep them healthy. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that are roughly the size of a fist. A tough, fibrous renal capsule surrounds each kidney and provides support for the soft tissue inside. Beyond that, two layers of fat serve as further protection. The adrenal glands lie on top of the kidneys. Inside the kidneys are a number of pyramid-shaped lobes. Each consists of an outer renal cortex and an inner renal medulla. Nephrons flow between these sections. Each nephron includes a filter, called the glomerulus, and a tubule. The glomerulus filters blood, which enters the kidneys through the renal arteries and leaves through the renal veins. The kidneys are relatively small organs, but they receive The tubule returns necessary substances to the blood and removes waste that then becomes urine. The kidneys excrete urine through the ureter, a tube that leads to the bladder. What does a kidney look like? The main role of the kidneys i...

Overview Each of your two kidneys has a renal cortex (outer layer where filtering begins), a renal medulla (inner layer), and each kidney is attached to a ureter. What is the renal cortex? The cortex is the outside layer or covering of many body organs, so the renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney. The renal cortex is also known as the kidney cortex. The cortex surrounds the inside of the organ, which is called the medulla. The renal cortex itself is covered by the renal capsule, which is a layer of tougher protective tissue. The renal cortex is where the nephrons (blood-filtering units) begin. Each kidney has 1 million nephrons. The filtering unit of the nephron is the glomerulus, and the glomerulus is attached to a tubule which removes wastes and returns the needed substances to your body. In the renal cortex, the tubules are twisted (convoluted), while in the medulla the tubules are straighter. Function What does the renal cortex do? As part of your urinary tract, the renal cortex is involved in kidney functioning. Kidneys are important for their many jobs, not just getting rid of body wastes. They also control: • The balance of electrolytes and water. • Your body’s blood pressure and amount of extracellular fluid (outside the cells). • Red blood cell production. • The balance between acids and bases. • Vitamin D production. • The balance between calcium and phosphate. • Production of glucose (glucogenesis). Your liver makes most of the glucose (sugar) you need,...

On the medial margin of the kidney is a concave region called the renal hilus.The renal hilum is the entrance to the renal sinus. Structures such as the renal veins, artery, nerves, and The renal sinusis a fat-filled ureters also exit the kidney. A fibrous renal capsule covers each kidney. They are also surrounded by perirenal fat which extends in the renal pelvis. Around the perirenal fat, is a layer of renal Gerota’s fascia. The Gerota’s fascia has an anterior and posterior layer. The anterior layer continues medially and fuses with the inferior vena cava(IVC). The posterior layer fuses with the psoas major fascia. The fibrous Gerota’s fascia. Internal Structure of the Kidney If one should take a knife and cut the kidney in halves from the superior pole tothe inferior pole, you would find two distinct The cortexis the superficial outer layer of the kidney located underneath the capsule. The medullais the inner layer and it extends from the renal cortex to the renal sinus. The medulla is divided into various cone-shaped structures called the renal pyramids. The renal pyramids extend from the cortex to the renal Kidney Structure and its Parts The renal pelvisis a funnel-shaped structure that is continuous with the ureter. The renal pelvis is divided into calyces. Each pelvis receives about 2 major calyces, which in turn receive minor calyx, which in turn collect Posterior and Anterior Anatomical Relations of the Kidney Due to the location of the kidney, it comes into conta...

renal system, in In many respects the human excretory, or urinary, system resembles those of other mammalian species, but it has its own unique structural and functional characteristics. The terms excretory and urinary emphasize the The system contains two kidneys, which control the Human excretory organs The General description and location

[ "article:topic", "brush border", "renin", "podocytes", "pedicels", "mesangial", "macula densa", "juxtaglomerular cell", "juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)", "forming urine", "filtration slits", "fenestrations", "aquaporin", "angiotensinogen", "angiotensin II", "angiotensin I", "angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)", "license:ccby", "showtoc:no", "source[1]-med-810", "source[2]-med-810", "program:oeri", "authorname:humananatomyoeri" ] By the end of the section, you will be able to: • Describe the structure of the filtration membrane • Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles and renal tubules • Identify the location of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and describe the cells that line it • Describe the histology of the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting ducts The renal structures that conduct the essential work of the kidney cannot be seen by the naked eye. Only a light or electron microscope can reveal these structures. Even then, serial sections and computer reconstruction are necessary to give us a comprehensive view of the functional anatomy of the nephron and its associated blood vessels. Nephrons: The Functional Unit Nephrons take a simple filtrate of the blood and modify it into urine. Many changes take place in the different parts of the nephron before urine is created for disposal. The term forming urine will be used hereafter to describe the filtrate as it is modified into true urine. The pr...

• 1 Anatomical Position • 2 Kidney Structure • 3 Anatomical Relations • 4 Arterial Supply • 4.1 Clinical Relevance: Variation in Arterial Supply to the Kidney • 5 Venous Drainage • 6 Lymphatics • 7 Clinical Relevance: Congenital Abnormalities of the Kidneys • 7.1 Pelvic Kidney • 7.2 Horseshoe Kidney • 8 Clinical Relevance – Renal Cell Carcinoma The kidneys are bilateral bean-shaped organs, reddish-brown in colour and located in the posterior abdomen. Their main function is to filter and excrete waste products from the blood. They are also responsible for water and electrolyte balance in the body. Metabolic waste and excess electrolytes are excreted by the kidneys to form urine. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the In this article we shall look at the anatomy of the kidneys – their anatomical position, internal structure and vasculature. Anatomical Position The kidneys lie retroperitoneally (behind the peritoneum) in the abdomen, either side of the vertebral column. They typically extend from T12 to L3, although the right kidney is often situated slightly lower due to the presence of the liver. Each kidney is approximately three vertebrae in length. The renal fascia. Kidney Structure The kidneys are encased in complex layers of fascia and fat. They are arranged as follows (deep to superficial): • Renal capsule – tough fibrous capsule. • Perirenal fat – collection of extraperitoneal fat. • Renal fascia (also known as Gerota’s fascia or perirenal fascia) – encloses th...