The discipline of public health was established in europe after

Although COVID-19 is no longer defined as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), it continues to take a significant toll on health globally. With the pandemic now in its fourth year, it is clear the virus is likely to stay with us for many years to come – if not forever. Responding to the current situation, and looking to the future, WHO/Europe is launching its transition plan for COVID-19. “While the international public health emergency may have ended, the pandemic certainly has not,” explained Dr Hans Henri P. Kluge, Regional Director for WHO/Europe. “And as our Region seeks to emerge from this crisis, it is also faced with new health threats, at a time when our health systems face increasing workforce and other challenges.” “Using the momentum built since 2020, now is the time to invest and sustain the gains made during the pandemic response and apply the lessons of this pandemic and other health emergencies,” continued Dr Kluge. “This is the way to increase the resilience of our health systems against future shocks.” Making the transition to the next stage Across Europe and central Asia, more than 270 million people have been infected by COVID-19 and over 2.2 million people have died from the disease since January 2020. Although hospitalizations and deaths from COVID-19 have declined significantly, thanks to increased population immunity, the continued widespread circulation of the virus means that thousands of vulnerable people are still dying ea...

PUBLIC HEALTH Dorothy Porter The health of populations helps to reveal transformations in social and economic conditions and highlights the changing relationships between the state and civil society. At one time the history of THE PLAGUE AND EPIDEMIC CONTROL As the historian Paul Slack has pointed out, epidemics share many characteristics with other natural catastrophes like earthquakes and tidal waves. But the responses provoked by each vary widely. While all natural catastrophes disrupt The disease that eliminated up to a third of Europe's population in the fourteenth century, commonly referred to as the The Black Death stimulated the first application of what became the favored method of epidemic control by early modern states, quarantine. Venice first closed its port to all suspected vessels for thirty days in March 1348. The period was extended to forty days, and quarantine was eventually adopted by all European port authorities to prevent the importation of numerous infectious diseases. Political authorities also adapted the system to isolate inland communities by enforcing military cordon sanitaires to prevent diseased travelers and goods from entering cities or fleeing from them. In premodern times, the most rational response to an infectious disease like plague was to flee an infected location, and this was resorted to by many who had the resources to do so. Political authorities anxious to maintain existing ruling structures tried to limit the hemorrhage of both ...

PRACTICE OF PUBLIC HEALTH The phrase "practice of • What is public health practice? • Where did it come from? • What does it do? • How is it organized and structured? • What challenges does it face in the twenty-first century? WHAT IS PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE? One approach to describing public health practice is to compare it to some similar activity that most people understand and appreciate. Medical practice appears to fit this bill. The major functions of medical practice are to diagnose diseases and other conditions, develop a treatment plan for those health problems, and see that the treatment regimen achieves its therapeutic goals. Public health practice has remarkably similar functions that focus on populations rather than individual patients. Public health functions involve identifying health problems and the factors that cause them, developing a strategy to address these problems, and seeing that these strategies are implemented in a way that works. In this light, public health practice is the development and application of preventive strategies and interventions in order to promote and protect the health of populations. Public health practitioners serve the health needs of populations in very much the same ways that physicians tend to the health needs of individual patients. Medical practice focuses primarily on diseases, injuries, and other conditions while public health practice focuses at the community level on factors that contribute to higher rates of these sa...

Global health, as a field of study, research, and practice, has grown in prominence over the past two decades. This chapter sets out what “global health” is and outlines key principles and core concepts of relevance for the field. It goes on to take a historical look at the origins of global health in the fields of public health, international health, and tropical medicine, providing a brief overview of important milestones in the development of the field. The chapter ends by turning to the present day, discussing main global health challenges the world faces today and what changes in the field of global health could be leveraged to better address these. Finally, the chapter explains why global health has transformative potential and puts forward suggestions as to how this can be harnessed for the world to become a healthier and more peaceful place as set out in the sustainable development goals. Keywords • Global health • International health • Globalization • Political economy of health • Global health partnerships • Abdalla SM, Solomon H, Trinquart L, Galea S (2020) What is considered as global health scholarship? A meta-knowledge analysis of global health journals and definitions. BMJ Glob Health 5(10):e002884. • Abimbola S (2018) On the meaning of global health and the role of global health journals. Int Health 10(2):63–65. • Abimbola S (2019) The foreign gaze: authorship in academic global health. BMJ Glob Health 4(5):e002068. • Ablah E, Biberman DA, Weist EM, Bueken...

National developments in the 18th and 19th centuries Nineteenth-century movements to improve sanitation occurred simultaneously in several European countries and were built upon foundations laid in the period between 1750 and 1830. From about 1750 the population of This period also witnessed the beginning and the rapid growth of This era was also characterized by efforts to educate people in health matters. In 1752 British physician As the Around the beginning of the 19th century, humanitarians and philanthropists in England worked to educate the population and the government on problems associated with population growth, Thomas Southwood Smith founded the Health of Towns Association in 1839, and by 1848 he served as a member of the new government department, then called the General Board of Health. He published reports on The Poor Law Commission, created in 1834, explored problems of The Advances in public health in England had a strong influence in the Shattuck report, published in 1850 by the Massachusetts Sanitary Commission, reviewed the serious health problems and grossly unsatisfactory living conditions in Nineteenth-century developments in Although many public health trends in Germany resembled those of England and France, the absence of a centralized government until after the There were other advances. The use of statistical analysis in handling health problems emerged. The forerunner of the U.S. Public Health Service came into being, in 1798, with the establishm...