The ratio of relative strength of electromagnetic force to the weak nuclear force is

Four Forces- Ranges and Carriers The Four Forces Range and Force Carriers The The range of any force is directly related to its force carrier. This is because force carriers must be emitted from one particle and reach another to create a force. However, the emitting particle can be considered at rest in its own reference frame. Emitting a force carrying particle violates conservation of mass-energy, since the force carrier contains some energy. However, this can be allowed by the The amount of energy borrowed multiplied by the time it is borrowed fo cannot exceed Planck's constant. Since the amount of energy in the borrowed particle is equal to mass ( m) times speed of light ( c) squared, the time of existence cannot exceed Planck's constant ( h) divided by m times c squared. The maximum distance the force carrier can travel in time t is ct. This must be equal to h/mc. Since this is the maximum distance the force carrier can travel without violating the uncertainty principle, this range is the maximum range of the given force, based on two constants, h and c, and m, the mass of the force carrier. The electromagnetic force operates between particles which contain electric charge. The force carrier for the electromagnetic force is the photon. Photons, which are commonly called light waves, and referred to as gamma rays, X-rays, visible light, radio waves, and other names depending on their energy. Photons have no mass, which means that, according to the previous calculation,...

This problem has been solved: Solutions for Chapter 4 Problem 52PE: (a) What is the strength of the weak nuclear force relative to the strong nuclear force? (b) What is the strength of the weak nuclear force relative to the electromagnetic force? Since the weak nuclear force acts at only very short distances, such as inside nuclei, where the strong and electromagnetic forces also act, it might seem surprising that we have any knowledge of it at all. We have such knowledge because the weak nuclear force is responsible for beta decay, a type of nuclear decay not explained by other forces. … Get solutions Get solutions Get solutions done loading • 1CQ • 1PE • 2CQ • 2PE • 3CQ • 3PE • 4CQ • 4PE • 5CQ • 5PE • 6CQ • 6PE • 7CQ • 7PE • 8CQ • 8PE • 9CQ • 9PE • 10CQ • 10PE • 11CQ • 11PE • 12CQ • 12PE • 13CQ • 13PE • 14CQ • 14PE • 15CQ • 15PE • 16CQ • 16PE • 17CQ • 17PE • 18CQ • 18PE • 19CQ • 19PE • 20CQ • 20PE • 21CQ • 21PE • 22CQ • 22PE • 23CQ • 23PE • 24CQ • 24PE • 25CQ • 25PE • 26CQ • 26PE • 27CQ • 27PE • 28PE • 29PE • 30PE • 31PE • 32PE • 33PE • 34PE • 35PE • 36PE • 37PE • 38PE • 39PE • 40PE • 41PE • 42PE • 43PE • 44PE • 45PE • 46PE • 47PE • 48PE • 49PE • 50PE • 51PE • 52PE • 53PE • 54PE (a) What is the strength of the weak nuclear force relative to the strong nuclear force? (b) What is the strength of the weak nuclear force relative to the electromagnetic force? Since the weak nuclear force acts at only very short distances, such as inside nuclei, where the strong and electromag...

By Lars Brink Forces One of the basic features in physics is the occurrence of forces that keep matter together. There are for example, the forces that keep the cells together to build up the human body, and there is the gravitational force that keeps us on the ground and the moon in orbit around the earth. We can ourselves exert forces when we push something and, by engineering, get some of the energy content in oil to produce a force on the wheels of a car to move it. From the macroscopic point of view we can imagine many different kinds of forces, forces that act at impact but also forces that act over a distance such as the gravitational one. In physics, though, we try to systematise and to find as many general concepts as possible. One such systematisation is to find out the ultimate constituents of matter. Another is to find out the forces that act between them. In the first case, we have been able to divide up matter into atoms and the atoms into nuclei and electrons, and then the nuclei into protons and neutrons. By colliding protons with protons or protons with electrons, particle physicists have uncovered that all matter can be built from a number of quarks (a concept introduced by Gravitation The first quantitative theory of gravitation based on observations was formulated by Isaac Newton in 1687 in his Principia. He wrote that the gravity force that acts on the sun and the planets depends on the quantity of matter that they contain. It propagates to large dista...

Coupling Constants for the Fundamental Forces Coupling Constants for the Fundamental Forces In attributing a relative strength to the Coupling Constants α s 1 α 1/137 α w 10 -6 α g 10 -39 Reference Ch. 1 R Nave Strong Force Coupling Constant In obtaining a coupling constant for the -15 m while the atom (electromagnetic force dominant) is about 10 -10 m in size. From consideration of the " The body of data describing the strong force between nucleons is consistent with a strong force coupling constant of about 1: α s≈ 1 But the standard model sees the strong force as arising from the forces between the constituent quarks, which is called the Reference Ch. 1 R Nave Electromagnetic Force Coupling Constant The strength of the The force is and the constant has the units of energy times distance. Another quantity with those dimensions which occurs naturally in the interaction of radiation with matter is A dimensionless constant which characterizes the electromagnetic force is This coupling constant is also called the "fine structure constant" since it shows up in the description of the fine structure of atomic spectra. It appears naturally in the equations for many electromagnetic phenomena. Reference Ch. 1 R Nave Experimental Fine Structure Constant As a dimensionless quantity α that appears in the equations of electromagnetic phenomena, the fine structure constant has almost the value 1/137. Until precise experiments demonstrated otherwise, it was often regarded as the recipro...