The term aryan denotes

Aryan is the name that was formerly given to a people who were thought to have settled in prehistoric times in ancient See also Since the late 20th century, however, a growing number of scholars have rejected both the Aryan invasion hypothesis and the use of the term Aryan as a racial designation. These scholars suggest that the word comes from the Sanskrit term arya (“noble” or “distinguished”) and therefore identifies a social group rather than an ethnic one. More properly, the term is used in a linguistic sense, in recognition of the influence that the ancient northern migrants’ language had on the development of the Indo-European languages of South Asia. In the 19th century Aryan was used as a synonym for “Indo-European” and sometimes to refer to the Indo-Iranian languages. It is now used in linguistics only in the sense of the term Indo-Aryan languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family. In Europe the notion of white racial superiority emerged in the 1850s, spread by French ethnologist Aryan for the white race. Members of this so-called race spoke Indo-European languages, were credited with all the progress that benefited humanity, and were purported to be superior to “Semites,” “yellows,” and “blacks.” Believers in Aryanism came to regard the Nordic and Germanic peoples as the purest members of the “race.” Although this notion had been discredited by anthropologists by the second quarter of the 20th century, In the late 20th and early 21st centurie...

In the beginning of the Vendidad, or first of the Parsi collection of sacred books, known as the Zendavesta, we are told that the supreme deity Ahura-Mazda created a country full of delights, but difficult of access, and the name of this country was Aryana Vaëjo. So charming was this primitive country that, had it not been made difficult of approach, the whole animate creation would have flocked thither and quite overwhelmed it. But this state of things did not long continue; for Ahriman, or Anramainyus, the spirit of darkness, was the implacable adversary of Ormuzd, or Ahura-Mazda, the spirit of light, and took pleasure in spoiling all his creations. So this death-dealing enemy, with the aid of his daëvas, or demons, created a great serpent and brought ten months of winter cold upon the land, so that Aryana Vaëjo was no longer a comfortable dwelling-place. The good spirit then created a new home for his people, called Sugdha; but the adversary spoiled this by creating a kind of wasp which devastated the fields and brought death to the cattle. Then Ahura-Mazda made a third habitat, which was called the high and holy Mum; but the dark demon now whispered evil reports and stirred up strife, until here, too, life became unendurable, and the beautiful land of Bakhdhi, or Baktria, was created as a fourth home for the children of light. So the warfare went on, until no less than sixteen countries are enumerated as successively created and made uncomfortable. In the last region o...

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions. • Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives. • In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions. • In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find. • In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history. • Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more. • While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today. • Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians. • Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century. Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! • Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space! In …a new dogma of “Aryanism” that was to expand and become the foundation for Nazi race theories in the 20th century. history of the term “Aryan” • In ” Believers in Aryanism came to regard the Nordic and Germanic peoples as the purest members of the “race.” That notion, which had been repudiated by anthropologis...

Q. The term ‘Aryan’ denotes which of the following races? Answer: [C] a speech group Notes: The term Aryan denotes a linguistic group and not a race. Their language Vedic Sanskrit has definite relationship with major languages of Europe and Asia. Scholars call this group of languages as Indo-European and the people speaking these languages as Indo-Europeans or Indo-Aryans. 3

Thirty years ago, the literary critic and cultural historian Raymond Williams published Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. In what would become a classic work in the field of cultural studies, Williams examined a long list of words, words like culture, society, nature, image, and work, tracing their etymology and describing how their meaning, their use, and their derivatives evolved over time. He selected words that he felt were significant, as he put it, for “certain forms of thought.” Buddhism is, of course, filled with such terms. There are so many, in fact, that no one has produced a complete list of keywords for Buddhism; indeed, the Buddha is said to have taught 84,000 doctrines as antidotes to 84,000 afflictions. In addition to words that carry particular significance within the Buddhist tradition, there are also terms that have floated free from Buddhism to acquire significance in a broader historical milieu. If we were to try to compile a list of such words, we might begin with the letter A and the word Aryan, a term with a long Buddhist history. But that history is sometimes forgotten, or avoided, because of the word’s unfortunate role in more recent history. In his first sermon, after describing the two extremes of self-indulgence and asceticism and the Middle Path between them, the Buddha said to the group of five ascetics (in the Pali version), Idam kho pana bhikkhave dukkham ariyasaccam, usually translated as “Now this, O monks, is the noble truth...

Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, the Brahamanas, the Aranyakas, Upanishads and Vedangas are most important sources of knowledge about Aryans and Vedic period. Here, we are giving the “Summary of the Vedic Age: Polity | Society | Position of Women” which is very useful for the aspirants who are preparing for the competitive examinations like UPSC-prelims, SSC, State Services, NDA, CDS, and Railways etc. Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, the Brahamanas, the Aranyakas, Upanishads and Vedangas are most important sources of knowledge about Aryans and Vedic period. The term “Aryan” denotes the linguistic groups who came from somewhere in Steppes region stretching from southern Europe to central Europe. Aryans first appeared in Iran and a little after 1500 BC, they appeared in India. Rig Veda has many things common with Zend-Avesta (Oldest text in Iranian language). Here, we are giving the “Summary of the Vedic Age: Polity | Society | Position of Women” which is very useful for the aspirants who are preparing for the competitive examinations like UPSC-prelims, SSC, State Services, NDA, CDS, and Railways etc. Rig Vedic Polity 1. Chief was the protector of the tribe or Jana. 2. Sabha, Samiti, Vidhata and Gana was the tribal assemblies who discharge the functions of deliberative, military and religious. 3. There was a few a non-monarchical states (ganas) which was headed by Ganapati or Jyestha. Rig Vedic Society 1. Jana which was owned by the people to whom they o...

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions. • Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives. • In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions. • In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find. • In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history. • Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more. • While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today. • Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians. • Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century. Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! • Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space! In …a new dogma of “Aryanism” that was to expand and become the foundation for Nazi race theories in the 20th century. history of the term “Aryan” • In ” Believers in Aryanism came to regard the Nordic and Germanic peoples as the purest members of the “race.” That notion, which had been repudiated by anthropologis...

In the beginning of the Vendidad, or first of the Parsi collection of sacred books, known as the Zendavesta, we are told that the supreme deity Ahura-Mazda created a country full of delights, but difficult of access, and the name of this country was Aryana Vaëjo. So charming was this primitive country that, had it not been made difficult of approach, the whole animate creation would have flocked thither and quite overwhelmed it. But this state of things did not long continue; for Ahriman, or Anramainyus, the spirit of darkness, was the implacable adversary of Ormuzd, or Ahura-Mazda, the spirit of light, and took pleasure in spoiling all his creations. So this death-dealing enemy, with the aid of his daëvas, or demons, created a great serpent and brought ten months of winter cold upon the land, so that Aryana Vaëjo was no longer a comfortable dwelling-place. The good spirit then created a new home for his people, called Sugdha; but the adversary spoiled this by creating a kind of wasp which devastated the fields and brought death to the cattle. Then Ahura-Mazda made a third habitat, which was called the high and holy Mum; but the dark demon now whispered evil reports and stirred up strife, until here, too, life became unendurable, and the beautiful land of Bakhdhi, or Baktria, was created as a fourth home for the children of light. So the warfare went on, until no less than sixteen countries are enumerated as successively created and made uncomfortable. In the last region o...

Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, the Brahamanas, the Aranyakas, Upanishads and Vedangas are most important sources of knowledge about Aryans and Vedic period. Here, we are giving the “Summary of the Vedic Age: Polity | Society | Position of Women” which is very useful for the aspirants who are preparing for the competitive examinations like UPSC-prelims, SSC, State Services, NDA, CDS, and Railways etc. Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, the Brahamanas, the Aranyakas, Upanishads and Vedangas are most important sources of knowledge about Aryans and Vedic period. The term “Aryan” denotes the linguistic groups who came from somewhere in Steppes region stretching from southern Europe to central Europe. Aryans first appeared in Iran and a little after 1500 BC, they appeared in India. Rig Veda has many things common with Zend-Avesta (Oldest text in Iranian language). Here, we are giving the “Summary of the Vedic Age: Polity | Society | Position of Women” which is very useful for the aspirants who are preparing for the competitive examinations like UPSC-prelims, SSC, State Services, NDA, CDS, and Railways etc. Rig Vedic Polity 1. Chief was the protector of the tribe or Jana. 2. Sabha, Samiti, Vidhata and Gana was the tribal assemblies who discharge the functions of deliberative, military and religious. 3. There was a few a non-monarchical states (ganas) which was headed by Ganapati or Jyestha. Rig Vedic Society 1. Jana which was owned by the people to whom they o...

Thirty years ago, the literary critic and cultural historian Raymond Williams published Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. In what would become a classic work in the field of cultural studies, Williams examined a long list of words, words like culture, society, nature, image, and work, tracing their etymology and describing how their meaning, their use, and their derivatives evolved over time. He selected words that he felt were significant, as he put it, for “certain forms of thought.” Buddhism is, of course, filled with such terms. There are so many, in fact, that no one has produced a complete list of keywords for Buddhism; indeed, the Buddha is said to have taught 84,000 doctrines as antidotes to 84,000 afflictions. In addition to words that carry particular significance within the Buddhist tradition, there are also terms that have floated free from Buddhism to acquire significance in a broader historical milieu. If we were to try to compile a list of such words, we might begin with the letter A and the word Aryan, a term with a long Buddhist history. But that history is sometimes forgotten, or avoided, because of the word’s unfortunate role in more recent history. In his first sermon, after describing the two extremes of self-indulgence and asceticism and the Middle Path between them, the Buddha said to the group of five ascetics (in the Pali version), Idam kho pana bhikkhave dukkham ariyasaccam, usually translated as “Now this, O monks, is the noble truth...