What is a basic characteristic of the ip protocol?

The Internet Protocol Stack The Internet Protocol Stack As mentioned in the This documents describes the various parts presented in this diagram. The upper layer protocols, e.g., FTP, Telnet, TFTP etc. are described in the • • • • • Internet Protocol (IP) As seen in the figure above, the Internet protocol stack provides a connection oriented reliable branch (TCP) and an connectionless unreliable branch (UDP) both build on top of the Internet Protocol. The unreliable stem from the fact the protocol does not provide any functionality for error recovering for datagrams that are either duplicated, lost or arrive to the remote host in another order than they are send. If no such errors occur in the physical layer, the IP protocol guarantees that the transmission is terminated successfully. The basic unit of data exchange in the IP layer is the Internet Datagram. The format of an IP datagram and a short description of the most important fields are included below: LEN The number of 32 bit-segments in the IP header. Without any OPTIONS, this value is 5 TYPE OF SERVICE Each IP datagram can be given a precedence value ranging from 0-7 showing the importance of the datagram. This is to allow out-of-band data to be routed faster than normal data. This is very important as IDENT, FLAGS, and FRAGMENT OFFSET These fields are used to describe fragmentation of a datagram. The actual length of an IP datagram is in principle independent of the length of the physical frames being transferred ...

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**IP - MEDIA INDEPENDENT** • IP operates independently from the media that carries the data at lower layer of the protocol stack - the OSI data link layer is responsible for the taking the IP packet and preparing it for transmission over the communications medium. • the network layer does have a maximum size of the PDU that can be transported - referred to as MTU • the data link layer tells the network layer the MTU • for summary connectionless, best effort , media independent • connectionless will send a packet even if the destination host is not able to receive it . no contact is made with the destination host before sending a packet • best effort packets delivery is not guarantee. does not guarantee that the packet will be delivered fully without errors • media independent fiber optics cabling, satellites and wireless can all be used to route the same packet. will adjust the size of the packet sent depending on what type of network access will be used • • there are also no acknowledgements of packet delivery with IP, and there is no error control data to track whether packets were delivered without corruption. packets may arrive at the destination corrupted, out of sequence or not at all. based on the information provided in the IP header , there is no capability for packet retransmission if errors such as these occur • • if out-of-order or missing packets create problem for the application using the data, the upper layer services , such as TCP , must resolve these issu...

IP uses Packets called IP packets to carry information. Every IP packet is a single unit of information and besides data it carries information to determine where to send the packet. IP determines where to send packets to by looking at the destination IP address. Let’s take a look at some of its characteristics: • Operates at the network layer of the OSI model. • Connectionless protocol: IP itself does not setup a connection, in order to transport data you need the “transport” layer and use TCP or UDP. • Every packet is treated independently; there is no order in which the packets are arriving at their destination. • Hierarchical: IP addresses have a hierarchy; we‟ll discuss this a bit more in depth when we talk about subnetting and subnet masks. We need an IP address to uniquely identify each network device on the network. An IP address is just like a phone number (I’m talking about regular phone numbers, no cellphones). Everyone in a city who has a phone at home has a unique phone number where you can reach them. An IP address is 32-bit and consists of 2 parts, the network part and the host part: The IP address is 32-bit but we write it down in 4 blocks of 8 bits. 8 bits is what we call a “byte”. So the IP address will look like this: The network part will tell us to which “network” the IP address will belong, you can compare this to the city or area code of a phone number. The “host” part uniquely identifies the network device; these are like the last digits of your pho...