What is immunisation

How the polio vaccine changed the world The challenge in vaccine development consists in devising a vaccine strong enough to ward off infection without making the individual seriously ill. To that end, researchers have Inactivated vaccines are those that contain organisms that have been killed or inactivated with subunit vaccine, which is made from disease year *Vaccine recommended for universal use in U.S. children. For smallpox, routine vaccination was ended in 1971. **Vaccine developed (i.e., first published results of vaccine usage). ***Vaccine licensed for use in United States. smallpox * 1798 ** rabies 1885 ** typhoid 1896 ** cholera 1896 ** plague 1897 ** diphtheria * 1923 ** pertussis * 1926 ** tetanus * 1927 ** tuberculosis 1927 ** influenza 1945 *** yellow fever 1953 *** poliomyelitis * 1955 *** measles * 1963 *** mumps * 1967 *** rubella * 1969 *** anthrax 1970 *** meningitis 1975 *** pneumonia 1977 *** adenovirus 1980 *** hepatitis B * 1981 *** Haemophilus influenzae type b * 1985 *** Japanese encephalitis 1992 *** hepatitis A 1995 *** * 1995 *** 1998 *** rotavirus * 1998 *** human papillomavirus 2006 2019

Immunisation • Overview • Making decisions about immunisation • What is immunisation? • Why do we immunise? • Making the decision • Information for making decisions • What type of information do parents want? • Information from the media • Information from health professionals • Information from friends, family & other parents • Other information sources • Messages to health professionals • Messages to other parents • Considering risk? • Weighing up the risk • Parents' concerns about MMR • Parents' views of the diseases • Parents' attitudes to childhood immunisation • Experiences of immunisation • Deciding whether to give my child DTaP/IPV/Hib, Men C and pneumococcal vaccines • Deciding to give my child MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) • Deciding not to give my child MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) • Reactions to DTaP/ IPV/ Hib, BCG vaccines • Experiences of HPV vaccination • Reactions to the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine • No reactions to MMR • Mild or intermediate reactions to MMR • Severe or disputed reactions to MMR • People's Profiles • Youngest child's age under 1 • Youngest child's age 1-2 years • Youngest child's age 3-4 years • Youngest child's age 5 years plus • Resources and Information • Credits Immunisation What is immunisation? For certain infectious diseases like measles or mumps, once a person hashad them and recovered they are almost certain never to catch that disease again. This is because when you get an infectious disease your body makes antibodies ag...

The World Health Organization today called for focused efforts to provide lifesaving childhood vaccines to the nearly 4.6 million children reported as unvaccinated or zero dose in 2021, as countries intensify efforts to equal or surpass pre-COVID-19 pandemic vaccination coverage levels. “The number of unvaccinated children more than doubled from 2 million in 2019 to 4.6 million in the Region by 2021 despite efforts by countries to maintain or restore routine childhood immunization. We need to urgently address gaps and challenges aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic,” said Dr Poonam Khetrapal Singh, Regional Director WHO South-East Asia. The Regional Director was addressing representatives of ministries of health, national immunization advisory groups and partner agencies participating in a four-day regional workshop to strengthen routine immunization capacities post COVID-19 pandemic. “We need to accurately identify high-risk areas with high numbers of zero-dose children, and rapidly improve access and uptake of routine immunization,” Dr Khetrapal Singh said. The catch-up immunization activities and special campaigns being rolled out by countries must be reviewed and measures like increasing age limit of target populations adopted, where needed, for filling the immunity gaps. The behavioral and social drivers of immunization should be identified to guide focused interventions and strategies to engage communities to accelerate demand for vaccination, she said. The Regional D...

Pharmacists are a critical part of the vaccination workforce in the United States, helping to reduce the spread of disease and improve public health. Pharmacy teams provided more than 270 million COVID-19 vaccinations from the beginning of the pandemic through September 2022. 1 However, these teams were not just successful in vaccinating against COVID-19. In 2020 and 2021, nationwide results demonstrated that pharmacists provided more recommended routine vaccinations than any other provider type. 2 The results of a 2022 study confirmed that pharmacy teams provided more than 50 million vaccinations in addition to COVID-19 vaccinations each year during the pandemic. 1 Further, the results of a 2022 systematic review demonstrated that interventions involving pharmacists as immunizers were associated with significantly increased immunization rates compared with interventions where pharmacists were not involved. 3 According to the results of a study by Hess et al, during the COVID-19 pandemic, community pharmacists proved to be “knowledgeable, capable, and accessible vaccination providers who were wellregarded by the public.” 4 Pharmacists also play an important role in preventing adverse events following immunizations in pediatric populations by educating parents and guardians. 5 To continue providing safe and accessible immunization services, pharmacists who immunize must ensure that their knowledge about routine vaccinations for adults and children is up-to-date. Each year, ...

Vaccines work by stimulating the body’s defence mechanisms to provide protection against infection. Vaccines can sometimes produce a stronger, longer-lasting protective response compared to immunity from a natural infection. Vaccines create immunity without causing disease. Disease can lead to serious complications, which is why vaccination is a safer way to develop immunity. Vaccines work by stimulating the body’s defence mechanisms to provide protection against infection and illness. These defence mechanisms are collectively referred to as the immune system. Vaccines mimic and sometimes improve the protective response normally mounted by the immune system after infection. The great advantage of immunisation over natural infections is that immunisation has a much lower risk of harmful outcomes. Immunisation harnesses the body’s own defence mechanisms To understand how immunisation protects against the diseases produced by pathogens (such as viruses and bacteria), we first need to understand how the immune system works. The immune system The immune system is the body’s defence mechanism, protecting against invaders like bacteria and viruses to keep us healthy. Cells are the main building blocks of our body. Our immune system relies on many different types of cells, each playing an important role. Many of these can be found in our bloodstream, especially white blood cells, which are the main component of the human immune system. White blood cells are strategically located t...