What is the legal nature of the universal declaration of human rights

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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is generally agreed to be the foundation of international human rights law. Adopted in 1948, the UDHR has inspired a rich body of legally binding international human rights treaties. It continues to be an inspiration to us all whether in addressing injustices, in times of conflicts, in societies suffering repression, and in our efforts towards achieving universal enjoyment of human rights. It represents the universal recognition that basic rights and fundamental freedoms are inherent to all human beings, inalienable and equally applicable to everyone, and that every one of us is born free and equal in dignity and rights. Whatever our nationality, place of residence, gender, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status, the international community on December 10 1948 made a commitment to upholding dignity and justice for all of us. Foundation for Our Common Future Over the years, the commitment has been translated into law, whether in the forms of treaties, customary international law, general principles, regional agreements and domestic law, through which human rights are expressed and guaranteed. Indeed, the UDHR has inspired more than 80 international human rights treaties and declarations, a great number of regional human rights conventions, domestic human rights bills, and constitutional provisions, which together constitute a comprehensive legally binding system for the promotion and protection of...

In 1945 in San Francisco, 50 nations adopted the United Nations Charter, a document setting forth the United Nations’ goals, functions, and responsibilities. Article 1 of the Charter states that one of the aims of the UN is to achieve international cooperation in "promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion." The goals of Article 1 of the Charter are of a general nature. For those goals to be achieved, specific "human rights and freedoms" needed to be defined first. Then laws and procedures had to be drawn up that would promote and protect those rights and freedoms. For these purposes, the Commission on Human Rights was established and charged with creating an International Bill of Human Rights. From Declaration to Convention The International Bill of Human Rights consists of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its optional Protocol, and The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. First in 1948 came the UDHR, which serves to define the basic human rights and freedoms to which all individuals are entitled. A declaration is not a legally binding document, however. For the rights defined in a declaration to have full legal force, they must be written into documents called conventions (also referred to as treaties or covenants), which set international norms and standards. When ...

322,000,000 (1995) USAGE BY COUNTRY (OFFICIAL LANGUAGE) Europe - Official Language: Gibraltar, Ireland, Malta, United Kingdom Asia - Official Language: India, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore Africa - Official Language: Botswana, Cameroon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia Central and South America - Official Language: Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Br. Virgin Isl.s, Dominica, Falklands, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Trinidad & Tobago, Turks & Caicos Islands, US Virging Islands North America - Official Language: Canada, USA Oceania - Official Language: American Samoa, Australia, Belau, Cook Islands, Fiji, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Islands, Northern Mariannas, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa. BACKGROUND It belongs to the Indo-European family, Germanic group, West Germanic subgroup and is the official language of over 1.7 billion people. Home speakers are over 330 million. As regards the evolution of the English language, three main phases can be distinguished. From the 6th and 5th centuries B.C., the Celtics are believed to have lived in the place where we now call Britain. Britain first appeared in the historical records as Julius Caesar campaigned there in 55-54 B.C. B...

Human rights are norms that aspire to protect all people everywhere from severe political, legal, and social abuses. Examples of human rights are the right to freedom of religion, the right to a fair trial when charged with a crime, the right not to be tortured, and the right to education. The philosophy of human rights addresses questions about the existence, content, nature, universality, justification, and legal status of human rights. The strong claims often made on behalf of human rights (for example, that they are universal, inalienable, or exist independently of legal enactment as justified moral norms) have frequently provoked skeptical doubts and countering philosophical defenses (on these critiques see Lacrois and Pranchere 2016, Mutua 2008, and Waldron 1988). Reflection on these doubts and the responses that can be made to them has become a sub-field of political and legal philosophy with a very substantial literature (see the This entry addresses the concept of human rights, the existence and grounds of human rights, the question of which rights are human rights, and relativism about human rights. 1. The General Idea of Human Rights This section attempts to explain the general idea of human rights by identifying four defining features. The goal is to answer the question of what human rights are with a description of the core concept rather than a list of specific rights. Two people can have the same general idea of human rights even though they disagree about w...

“The On th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR 75), which will be celebrated on 10 December 2023. The year-long campaign will showcase the UDHR by focusing on its legacy, relevance and activism using the slogan, “Dignity, Freedom, and Justice for All.” “The Declaration – which was drafted by representatives from all over the world – embodies a common language of our shared humanity, a unifying force at the heart of which lies human dignity and the duty of care we owe each other as human beings,” Türk said. It is the global blueprint for international, national, and local laws and policies. The Declaration is also a foundation of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development, which promotes an economy that invests in human rights and works for everyone. The UDHR 75 campaign will increase global awareness of the UDHR by showing how the Declaration has guided the work of the Office. It will then promote the universality of human rights and empower everyone, especially young people, to stand up for human rights. Since the adoption of the UDHR in 1948, human rights have been more guaranteed and recognised around the world including improvements in the rights of women, children, and young people, of indigenous people to guard and maintain their land and culture, and the abolition of the death penalty in many countries. But the promise of the UDHR, of dignity and equality in rights, has been under attack. The world is facing a climate crisis, the COVID-19...

Abstract Article 15 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) provides that “[e]veryone has the right to a nationality” and that “[n]o one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.” Enshrining citizenship and the right to be free from arbitrary deprivation of citizenship as human rights in and of themselves, article 15 of the UDHR establishes the bedrock legal relationship between individuals and states. While all states are bound to respect the human rights of all individuals without distinction, an individual's legal bond to a particular state through citizenship remains in practice an essential prerequisite to the enjoyment and protection of the full range of human rights. This article examines the scope and content of article 15 of the UDHR. The proliferation of human rights norms in international and regional instruments has developed substantive limitations on state sovereignty over citizenship regulation that gives meaning to that provision. In particular, the universal anti-discrimination norm and the principle that statelessness should be avoided have emerged to constrain state discretion on citizenship. But some important gaps in the international legal framework on nationality persist. For example, few normative principles prescribe conditions for granting citizenship and there is a lack of consensus on what constitutes statelessness arising from ineffective citizenship. While human rights developm...