Which material from the following has the highest transparency

• العربية • Azərbaycanca • বাংলা • Беларуская (тарашкевіца) • Български • Bosanski • Español • Esperanto • فارسی • Français • 한국어 • हिन्दी • Ilokano • Bahasa Indonesia • Italiano • ქართული • Қазақша • Македонски • മലയാളം • Bahasa Melayu • မြန်မာဘာသာ • Norsk nynorsk • Português • Română • Scots • Shqip • Српски / srpski • Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски • Türkçe • Українська • اردو • Tiếng Việt • 中文

Materials that are light-permeable are usually called ‘trans­parent’ or translucent’, although it might be more accurate to call them ‘diaphanous’ – of such fine texture as to allow light to pass through; translucent or transparent (from dia-, ‘through’+ phainen,‘to show, to appear’). It is related to ‘phantom’, something apparently sensed but having no physical reality. Diaphanous It’s a beautiful word and yet seldom used by architects and designers for materials that allow light to pass through them, either transparent (crystal-clear), or translucent (‘misty’, diffuse and ‘vague’). They can be dense materials like glass or have an open structure, like wire mesh or a woven fabric. At www.materialexplorer.com visitors can search for materials on a variety of characteristics, such as gloss, texture, hardness, temperature, acoustics, smell and transparency. It turns out that architects and designers most often select ‘transparency’ when searching for a material. And the number and variety of materials that can be used to manipulate light penetration is growing by the day, as are the ways in which they achieve this – through structure, texture, volume, colour, relief, prisms, openness, an illusion of depth and reflection. Where does that fascination come from, what is it with architects and transparency? Is it a longing for the ephemeral and immaterial, or is it simply that transparency satisfies a basic human need for light? Nature Translucent structures and materials also o...

Introduction to Infrared (IR) Infrared (IR) radiation is characterized by wavelengths ranging from 0.750 -1000μm (750 - 1000000nm). Due to limitations on detector range, IR radiation is often divided into three smaller regions: 0.750 - 3μm, 3 - 30μm, and 30 - 1000μm – defined as near-infrared (NIR), mid-wave infrared (MWIR), and far-infrared (FIR), respectively (Figure 1). Figure 1: Electromagnetic Spectrum The Importance of Using the Correct Material Since infrared light is comprised of longer wavelengths than visible light, the two regions behave differently when propagating through the same optical medium. Some materials can be used for either IR or visible applications, most notably Transmission The foremost attribute defining any material is transmission. Transmission is a measure of throughput and is given as a percentage of the incident light. IR materials are usually opaque in the visible while visible materials are usually opaque in the IR; in other words, they exhibit nearly 0% transmission in those wavelength regions. For example, consider Figure 2: Uncoated Silicon Transmission Curve Index of Refraction While it is mainly transmission that classifies a material as either an IR or visible material, another important attribute is index of refraction $ \small $increases (Figure 3). Figure 3: Light Refraction from a Low Index to a High Index Medium The index of refraction ranges from approximately 1.45 - 2 for visible materials and 1.38 - 4 for IR materials. In man...

magnetic permeability, relative increase or decrease in the resultant B established within the material by a magnetizing field divided by the H of the magnetizing field. Magnetic μ (Greek mu) is thus defined as μ = B/ H. Magnetic B is a measure of the actual magnetic field within a material considered as a concentration of magnetic field lines, or flux, per unit cross-sectional area. Magnetic field strength H is a measure of the magnetizing field produced by In empty, or free, space the magnetic flux density is the same as the magnetizing field because there is no matter to modify the field. In centimetre–gram–second (cgs) units, the permeability B/ H of space is dimensionless and has a value of 1. In metre–kilogram–second (mks) and B and H have different μ 0) was defined as equal to 4 π × 10 - 7 μ 0 is no longer equal to 4 π × 10 - 7 weber per ampere-metre and must be determined experimentally. (However, [ μ 0/4 π × 10 - 7] is 1.00000000055, still very close to its former value.) In these systems the permeability, B/ H, is called the absolute permeability μ of the medium. The relative permeability μ r is then defined as the ratio μ/ μ 0, which is dimensionless. Thus, the relative permeability of free space, or

Spectrophotometer Cuvettes (Image Courtesy : http://www.sciencebuddies.org/) Absorbance studies have become a base for examining various solutions and particles. Under these, the light gets passed through the solutions in a defined format. However, Common laboratory absorption studies involve liquids – either as pure solvents or solutions of light absorbing compounds in transparent solvents. This brings in the need for a container that could hold these liquid substances. Usually, a container of precise dimensions, i.e., 10mm path length, gets used here. These are called cuvette spectrophotometers , and they are transparent to the wavelength of light required for the purpose. Therefore, it doesn’t cause any problems during the study. The only issue here is that we can’t define the cuvette this simply because of the available diversity of materials with which they are made. So one may easily get confused about which alternative to use. Let’s first understand their basic material requirements, and then we will draw a contrast between different types of cuvettes . What Are Cuvette Spectrophotometers Made of? Cuvettes are commonly made from different transparent materials such as optical glass, quartz or transparent plastic. At first sight all such materials appear to be perfectly transparent and fit for all types of absorbance studies.However, each material has unique light absorbing properties and it is important to know about such optical characteristic properties before mak...

Just as consumers have a right to know the contents of the food they consume (whether to avoid allergic reactions or to make healthier nutrition choices), they should also have a right to know what is in the products and materials that make up the buildings they occupy. Due to the complex and multi-tiered nature of the global material production supply chain, little is known about the tens of thousands of chemicals in circulation today. This lack of data obscures necessary information required to identify potential hazards to the environment and human health. Demand for material ingredient disclosure at the consumer level pushes supply chain transparency and—even more importantly—supports innovation and green chemistry. At least 50% (as measured by cost) of interior finishes and finish materials, furnishings (including workstations) and built-in furniture have some combination of the following material descriptions (in order to contribute, the product must indicate that all ingredients have been evaluated and disclosed down to 1,000 ppm): U.S. Green Building Council. LEED v4: Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction. Washington D.C.: U.S. Green Building Council; 2013: 37, 43-44, 541-552, 567, 605, 623, 645-53, 658-61, 682-3, 685-6, 723-4. 97.1.c USGBC’s LEED v4 MR credit: Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Material Ingredients Option 1 has projects use at least 20 permanently installed products from at least 5 different manufacturers that use any of...

HINT: Basically, the physical density would be the ratio of mass to the volume, and optical density measures the speed of light while passing through an optically dense medium. The optical density is a property of a transparent material that measures the speed of light through the material. The extent to which any optically dense medium bends transmitted light rays towards or away from the normal is called optical density. The light passing via an optically dense medium towards the normal and the same light passing via any rarer medium such as air, it bends away from the normal. Complete step by step answer: Now, let us understand the phenomenon of optical density and its effect on the light passing via a medium by comparing the two media. Consider two mediums: glass and air. When a beam of light passes from air to glass. The speed of the light decreases in the glass. Therefore, the light bends towards the normal. It tells us that the glass is optically denser than air which means the velocity of the light in glass is less than the velocity of it in rarer medium(air). Glass: the refractive index of glass if 1.5 means that light will take 1.5x more unit of time to propagate a certain distance in glass than it takes in vacuum. Water: the refractive index of water is 1.333. Pearl: the refractive index of pearl is 1.52-1.69. Diamond: the refractive index of diamond is 2.42, that is highest. The optical density is directly dependent on the refractive index. Thus, the diamond is...