Who wrote bhagavad gita

Modern borders of India and its neighboring states, with the region of Kurukshetra highlighted. © 2010 Map Resources, All rights reserved. This map shows the modern borders of India and its neighboring states. At the time The Bhagavad Gita was written as part of a massive epic (400 BCE – 400 CE), Kurukshetra was a powerful kingdom in a region with no dominating power or empire, a land up for grabs. The price of maintaining peace and establishing a dynasty is questioned by Arjuna, the hero of the Gita. People for centuries after the time of the story fought for control of this land, until the British Empire overcame local powers in the late 1700s. The nation of India would emerge from that empire in the 1940s. This timeline shows both the history of the written story of The Bhagavad Gita and the history of Indian politics and religion that influenced that story. Unit 1 The Epic of Gilgamesh The first known human story is that of Gilgamesh, king of Uruk. Images of artifacts from ancient Iraq mix with beautiful illustrations, dance, and costume to tell of the relations between gods and mortals, the search for friendship, love, and immortality. Featured cast members include Assyriologist Ben Foster, comic book illustrator Jim Starlin, and poet and playwright Yusef Komunyakaa. Unit 2 My Name Is Red Both an historical novel and a graphic murder mystery set among the miniaturists of the Ottoman court. With its focus on Istambul, a major crossroads of the world, it tells of the ar...

The Bhagavad Gītā The Bhagavad Gītā occurs at the start of the sixth book of the Mahābhārata—one of South Asia’s two main epics, formulated at the start of the Common Era (C.E.). It is a dialog on moral philosophy. The lead characters are the warrior Arjuna and his royal cousin, Kṛṣṇa, who offered to be his charioteer and who is also an avatar of the god Viṣṇu. The dialog amounts to a lecture by Kṛṣṇa delivered on their chariot, in response to the fratricidal war that Arjuna is facing. The symbolism employed in the dialog—a lecture delivered on a chariot—ties the Gītā to developments in moral theory in the Upani ṣ ads. The work begins with Arjuna articulating three objections to fighting an impending battle by way of two teleological theories of ethics, namely Virtue Ethics and Consequentialism, but also Deontology. In response, Kṛṣṇa motivates Arjuna to engage in battle by arguments from procedural ethical theories—specifically his own form of Deontology, which he calls karma yoga, and a radically procedural theory unique to the Indian tradition, Yoga, which he calls bhakti yoga. This is supported by a theoretical and metaethical framework called j ñā na yoga. While originally part of a work of literature, the Bhagavad Gītā was influential among medieval Vedānta philosophers. Since the formation of a Hindu identity under British colonialism, the Bhagavad Gītā has increasingly been seen as a separate, stand-alone religious book, which some Hindus treat as their an...

Imparts Brahma Vidya Unable to deal with the immediate problem at hand, Arjun approached Shree Krishna for a palliative to overcome the anguish he was experiencing. Shree Krishna did not just advise him on his immediate problem, but digressed to give a profound discourse on the philosophy of life. Hence, the purpose of the Bhagavad Gita, above everything else, is to impart Brahma Vidya, the science of God-realization. Teaches the Practice of Yog The Bhagavad Gita is not content with providing a lofty philosophical understanding; it also describes clear-cut techniques for implementing its spiritual precepts for everyday life. These techniques of applying the science of spirituality in our lives are termed “Yog.” Hence, the Bhagavad Gita is also called “Yog Shastra,” meaning, the scripture that teaches the practice of Yog. Encompasses all Aspects of Life Inexperienced spiritual practitioners often separate spirituality from temporal life; some look on beatitude as something to be attained in the hereafter. But the Bhagavad Gita makes no such distinction, and aims at the consecration of every aspect of human life in this world itself. Thus, all its eighteen chapters are designated as different types of Yog, since they deal with methodologies for the application of spiritual knowledge to practical life. Table of Contents

The Gītā Dhyānam ( गीता ध्यानम्), also called the Gītā Dhyāna or the Dhyāna Ślokas associated with the Gītā, is a 9-verse Invocation to the Gita. :395 The nine Gita Dhyanam verses offer salutations to a variety of sacred scriptures, figures, and entities, characterize the relationship of the Gita to the Verses [ ] Selected verses with translation English translation 4. The :395 8. I bow down to :399 Sanskrit verses 4. सर्वोपनिषदो गावो दोग्धा गोपालनन्दनः। पार्थो वत्सः सुधीर्भोक्ता दुग्धं गीतामृतं महत्॥ ४ ॥ 8. मूकं करोति वाचालं पङ्गुं लंघयते गिरिम् | यत्कृपा तमहं वन्दे परमानन्द माधवम् ॥ ८ ॥ Sanskrit (transliterated) 4. sarvopaniṣado gāvo dogdhā gopālanandanaḥ | pārtho vatsaḥ sudhirbhoktā dugdhaṁ gītāmṛtaṁ mahat ॥ 4 ॥ 8. mūkaṁ karoti vācālaṁ panguṁ laṅghayate girim | yatkṛpā tamahaṁ vande paramnandamādhavam ॥ 8 ॥ The Gītā Dhyānam's first verse opens by affirming an act of meditation ( anusandadhāmi): "Om. I meditate on the :395 Gītā is also affirmed as a mother ( bhagavatīm, amba) who rescues from ceaseless change ( bhava dveṣiṇīm). The next verse offers salutations to Gītā. Several additional verses offer salutations ( namaḥ, bowing down) to devāya, verse 9 The commonly quoted fourth verse characterizes the Upanishads as like cows, and Arjuna (the person to whom the Gītā is told) as like a calf who is receiving their milk. This and another selected verse are shown in the table at right, in English translation, The eighth verse affirms faith that God (represented in the The r...

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• • Yoga for Beginners Our Yoga for Beginners guide will give you the basic tips, guidelines and recommendations you will need to start a successful yoga practice. • Meditation Basics Meditation is a focusing of the mind on a single object, creating the cessation of all thought. As thoughts dissipate, the mind becomes quiet, and we are able to be fully in the present moment. The techniques of meditation are simple and easy to learn, but the ability to keep the mind focused takes time, patience and practice. The benefits of a regular meditation practice include reduction of stress, tension, anxiety and frustration, as well as improved memory, concentration, inner peace and whole body well-being. • Pranayama Pranayama are breathing exercises developed by the ancient yogis for purification. Prana translates into “life force energy” and Yama translates into “control or mastery of”. Thus, Pranyama is used to control, cultivate, and modify the Prana in the body. Prana is taken in through the air we breathe, and since the pranayama exercises increase the amount of air we take in, they also increase our intake of Prana. For all pranayama (except Kapalabhati), the breath is slow and steady, breathed in and out of the nose and down into the belly. Always sit with a straight spine and a relaxed body. While you are practicing pranayama, let go of any thoughts by focusing on the breathing involved with the pranayama. • • Seated Yoga Poses • Standing Yoga Poses • Prone Yoga Poses • Supi...

Uncertain Dates and Authorship The writing of the Bhagavad Gita is not attributed with certainty to any one author. Much speculation exists about who wrote the text—a single person or many people. Scholars also debate about when the Gita was written, making it even more difficult to pin down a possible source. The legendary Indian sage Vyasa (lived c. 1500 BCE) is sometimes considered the writer of the Mahabharata, which now includes the Bhagavad Gita. However, Vyasa is more widely accepted as one early compiler of an ongoing story rather than as its creator ("compiler" is the meaning of the Sanskrit word vyasa). Theories of Authorship Supporting the theory of multiple authorship, 20th-century scholar Gajanan S. Khair asserts that three distinct authors of the Gita wrote separate sections. The first two authors wrote before the lifetime of Indian teacher Buddha (c. 6th–4th century BCE) and before Buddhism took root. (Buddhism, a religion of eastern and central Asia, advocates that suffering is inherent to living but that it can be alleviated through wisdom.) They addressed their philosophy primarily to a high-caste, learned audience. Khair maintains that the third author probably lived as Buddhism spread in its early days and wrote with more inclusivity toward all castes. The distinct ways the authors approach their audiences indicate they may have written the Gita over several hundred years. Conversely, professor of social sciences M. V. Nadkarni (b. 1939) argues against ...

Hindu scripture The Vedas These are the most ancient religious texts which define truth for Hindus. They got their present form between 1200-200 BCE and were introduced to India by the Aryans. Hindus believe that the texts were received by scholars direct from God and passed on to the next generations by word of mouth. Vedic texts are sometimes called shruti, which means hearing. For hundreds, maybe even thousands of years, the texts were passed on orally. Contents of the Vedas The Vedas are made up of four compositions, and each veda in turn has four parts which are arranged chronologically. • The Samhitas are the most ancient part of the Vedas, consisting of hymns of praise to God. • The Brahmanas are rituals and prayers to guide the priests in their duties. • The Aranyakas concern worship and meditation. • The Upanishads consist of the mystical and philosophical teachings of Hinduism. The Samhitas • Rig-Veda Samhita (c. 1200 BCE) is the oldest of the four vedas and consists of 1028 hymns praising the ancient gods. • Yajur-Veda Samhita is used as a handbook by priests performing the vedic sacrifices. • Sama-Veda Samhita consists of chants and tunes for singing at the sacrifices. • Atharva-Veda Samhita (c. 900 BCE) preserves many traditions which pre-date the Aryan influence and consists of spells, charms and magical formulae. The Upanishads The Upanishads were so called because they were taught to those who sat down beside their teachers. (upa=near, ni=down, shad=sit). T...

Karma yoga ( कर्म योग), also called Karma marga, is one of the four karma yogi, right action is a form of prayer. Of the Concept [ ] According to Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita, Karma yoga is the spiritual practice of "selfless action performed for the benefit of others". seva, meaning selfless service to others as a means of spiritual practise. The tendency for a human being to seek the fruits of action is normal, state Hindu texts, but an exclusive attachment to fruits and positive immediate consequences can compromise dharma (ethical, rightful action). Karma yoga, states Bilimoria, is "ethically fine-tuned action". karma yoga, where one downplays one's own exclusive role or one's own exclusive interests. Instead, the karma yogi considers the interests of all parties impartially, all beings, the elements of Your work is your responsibility, not its result. Never let the fruits of your actions be your motive. Nor give in to inaction. Set firmly in yourself, do your work, not attached to anything. Remain evenminded in success, and in failure. Evenmindedness is true yoga. — Bhagavad Gita, 2.47-49 Karma yoga, states Bilimoria, does not mean forfeiture of emotions or desires, rather it means action driven by "equanimity, balance", with "dispassion, disinterest", avoiding "one sidedness, fear, craving, favoring self or one group or clan, self-pity, self-aggrandizement or any form of extreme reactiveness". According to Phillips, Karma yoga applies to "any action in any profession...