Danaus chrysippus

Danaus chrysippus, also known as the Plain Tiger or African Monarch, is a common Asian and African butterfly that belongs to the Danainae subfamily of the brush-footed butterfly family. This meium sized, non-edible butterfly is mimicked by multiple species. Considered the archetypical Danaine of India, it is believed to be one of the first butterflies to be used in art. A 3500 year old Egyptian fresco in Luxor features the oldest illustration of this species. Three valid subspecies: (a) Danaus chrysippus chrysippus. Distribution - Asia, Mediterranean region, northern tropical Africa (b)Danaus chrysippus alcippus (Cramer, 1777) - formerly D. c. aegyptius. Morphology - Browner with broader white forewing spots. Distribution - From the Cape Verde Islands through tropical Africa to Yemen and Oman. (c) Danaus chrysippus orientis (Aurivillius, 1909) - formerly D. c. liboria. Morphology - Small white forewing spots. Distribution - Saint Helena, southern tropical Africa to South Africa, Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles and Mascarenes. D. c. alcippus is close to becoming a distinct species. Egg The female Plain Tiger perches on the upperside of a leaf and curling its abdomen around the edge, lays an egg on the underside. Only one egg is laid per leaf to avoid overcrowding of the caterpillars. Caterpillar After the caterpillar hatches, its first meal is the eggshell itself. It lives its entire larval life on the lower side of the leaves. In the first few days, it takes up a spot on t...

Butterflies of Africa Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus LINNAEUS, 1758 Family - NYMPHALIDAE subfamily - DANAINAE Tribe - DANAINI Danaus chrysippus male, form chrysippus � Adrian Hoskins Introduction T he subfamily Danainae comprises of 3 tribes: the neotropical Ithomiini, the Tellervini of Papua New Guinea, and the Danaini which have representatives worldwide. The Danaini includes the Monarchs & Tigers, Nymphs and Crows, comprises of about 190 species in total. Monarchs and Tigers belong to the genus Danaus. They are large butterflies, characterised by their orange wings, which have a black apex and white subapical spots. On the males there is a patch of raised androconial ( pheromone emitting ) scales on the hindwings. All butterflies in this subfamily are thought to be toxic or distasteful to avian predators. Their bodies contain toxins which are derived from the larval foodplants, and are often supplemented by further toxins derived from adult food sources. The bright colours of the butterflies advertise their poisonous qualities to birds in the same way that the bands of yellow and black of wasps advertise the fact that they can sting. Any bird that suffers the unpleasant experience of tasting a Danaus is unlikely to attack any similarly coloured butterfly. This has led many other species to evolve adults which mimic chrysippus, and thus avoid predation. These mimics include other toxic species such as Acraea encedana, and also a smaller number of palatable insects such as...

• 12–13 species, see text Danaus, commonly called tigers, milkweeds, monarchs, wanderers, and queens, is a Taxonomy [ ] Following the review of Smith et al. (2005), 12 species are provisionally accepted based on c oxidase Butterfly Caterpillar Name Common name Distribution ( Malay tiger, mangrove tiger, or swamp tiger from Thailand to the Philippines and southwards through Indonesia to Melanesia and northeastern Australia ( plain tiger, common tiger, African monarch, lesser wanderer, or African queen Asia, Australia, and Africa ( Jamaican monarch Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Jamaica. ( dorippus tiger (formerly included in D. chrysippus) eastern and southern Africa (mainly in Kenya, Uganda, Erythrea, Oman, Tanzania) and sporadically in India ( soldier or tropical queen, includes D. plexaure America: southern Florida, southern Texas, Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. ( southern monarch South America, mainly in Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and southern Peru. ( common tiger, Indian monarch, or orange tiger Sri Lanka, Myanmar and extending to South-East Asia and Australia (except New Guinea). ( queen America: from central United States (Kansas, Colorado, and Utah) to Argentina ( Ismare tiger South East Asia ( white tiger, common tiger, or eastern common tiger Asia: Assam in eastern India through South-East Asia south to Indonesia, and eastwards to the Philippines and through southern China to Taiwan. ( lesser wanderer Australi...

Abstract Milkweed butterflies in the genus Danaus are studied in a diverse range of research fields including the neurobiology of migration, biochemistry of plant detoxification, host–parasite interactions, evolution of sex chromosomes, and speciation. We have assembled a nearly chromosomal genome for Danaus chrysippus (known as the African Monarch, African Queen, and Plain Tiger) using long-read sequencing data. This species is of particular interest for the study of genome structural change and its consequences for evolution. Comparison with the genome of the North American Monarch Danaus plexippus reveals generally strong synteny but highlights 3 inversion differences. The 3 chromosomes involved were previously found to carry peaks of intraspecific differentiation in D. chrysippus in Africa, suggesting that these inversions may be polymorphic and associated with local adaptation. The D. chrysippus genome is over 40% larger than that of D. plexippus, and nearly all of the additional ∼100 Megabases of DNA comprises repeats. Future comparative genomic studies within this genus will shed light on the evolution of genome architecture. Introduction The genus Danaus is perhaps best known for the iconic Monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus and its extraordinary migrations in North America. Genomic studies of the Monarch have shed light on host plant detoxification ( Danaus chrysippus is found throughout Africa, the Mediterranean, and south Asia, and is known as the African Monarc...

Danaus chrysippus Danaus chrysippus ( Lesser Wanderer (one Limnas bowringi Moore, 1883) DANAINAE, NYMPHALIDAE, PAPILIONOIDEA ( and This species was probably named after the philosopher The Caterpillar of this species is banded with black and yellow, and has yellow spots all over. It also has three pairs of filaments which in later instars have red bases. The caterpillar feeds on various plants that have a poisonous milky sap. The caterpillar appears to retain the poisons in its body making it unpalatable to predators. It's foods are mainly from the Milkweed family ( APOCYNACEAE ), and include : • Asclepias curassavica ), • Asclepias physocarpa ), • Brachystelma glabriflorum ), • Calotropis gigantea ), • Calotropis procera ), • Cynanchum carnosum ), • Gomphocarpus fruticosus ), • Marsdenia australis ), and • Oxystelma esculentum ). The caterpillar grows to a length of about 3 cms. The pupa hangs by its tail from a leaf of the foodplant, and has a length of about 1.5 cms. In life, it is greenish-brown with a golden ring around the The adult butterflies are orange with wide black borders around the wings, and a variable number of white spots in the black tips of the forewings. The head is black with white spots, and the The male has a more prominent black markings near the centre of each hind wing. The undersides are similar to the upper surfaces. The wingspan is about 6 cms. The eggs are pale yellow and bullet-shaped. They are laid singly on young growth of a foodplant. The ...

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