Ethanoic acid

Acidic Properties Several important chemical reactions of alcohols involve only the oxygen-hydrogen bond and leave the carbon-oxygen bond intact. An important example is salt formation with acids and bases. Alcohols, like water, are both weak bases and weak acids. The acid ionization constant \(\left( K_\text\) groups. They do this by polarization of their bonding electrons, and the bigger the group, the more polarizable it is. (Also see Basic Properties Alcohols are bases similar in strength to water and accept protons from strong acids. An example is the reaction of methanol with hydrogen bromide to give methyloxonium bromide, which is analogous to the formation of hydroxonium bromide with hydrogen bromide and water: Figure 15-4). The melting point reaches a maximum at 50-50 mole percent of each component. Nucleophilic Properties - Ether Formation Alkoxide ion formation is important as a means of generating a strong nucleophile that will readily form \(\ce2\) reactions readily. Nucleophilic Properties. Ester Formation An ester may be thought of as a carboxylic acid in which the acidic proton has been replaced by some organic group, \(\ce \right)\) at room temperature, which corresponds to \(66\%\) conversion to ester: The reaction may be driven to completion by removing the ester or water or both as they are formed. Nucleophilic Properties - Hemiacetal, Hemiketal, and Acetal Formation The structural unit, possesses both an alkoxyl \(\left( \ce\) as a leaving group and ca...

Carboxylic acids The carboxylic acids form a homologous series . Like all homologous series, the carboxylic acids: • have the same general formula • differ by CH 2 in molecular formulae from neighbouring compounds • show a gradual variation in physical properties , such as their boiling points • have similar chemical properties Functional group The functional group in the carboxylic acids is the carboxyl group, -COOH. It is responsible for the typical reactions of carboxylic acids, which are weak acids . Vinegar is a dilute solution of ethanoic acid. Structures The table shows four carboxylic acids, their molecular formulae and their structures. Acid properties The carboxylic acids have the typical properties of acids . For example, they: • dissolve in water to form acidic solutions with pH values less than 7 • react with metals to form a salt and hydrogen • react with bases to form a salt and water • react with carbonates to form a salt, water and carbon dioxide These properties are due to the –COOH functional group. Making esters Carboxylic acids can react with alcohols to make esters . Esters are organic compounds which all contain the functional group -COO-. Esters have fruity smells and can be used as solvents . The general equation for the formation of an ester is: alcohol + carboxylic acid → ester + water For example: ethanol + ethanoic acid → ethyl ethanoate + water Weak and strong acids - Higher Carboxylic acids are weak acids. This means that their solutions do n...

× This article is based on scientific evidence, written by Our team includes licensed nutritionists and dietitians, certified health education specialists, as well as certified strength and conditioning specialists, personal trainers and corrective exercise specialists. Our team aims to be not only thorough with its research, but also objective and unbiased. The information in our articles is NOT intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice. Acetic Acid: A Powerful Compound in Vinegar with Health Benefits By Rachael Link, MS, RD October 18, 2022 • • • • Acetic acid may sound like it should be in a chemistry lab or science fair rather than in your kitchen pantry. However, this powerful compound is actually the main compound found in vinegar and is responsible for both its unique flavor and acidity. Not only that, but it’s also believed to contribute to many of the health benefits of So what exactly is acetic acid and how does it work? This article will take a closer look at acetic acid and how it can impact your health. What Is Acetic Acid? Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is a chemical compound found in many different products. It’s perhaps most well-known as the main component of vinegar, apart from water, and is thought to supply ingredients like apple cider vinegar with many of their health-promoting properties. Chemically speaking, the acetic acid formula is C2H4O2, which can also...

Ethanoic Acid What is Ethanoic Acid? Ethanoic acid (CH 3COOH) belongs to the group of carboxylic acids and is commonly called as acetic acid. It is slightly heavier than water with a density of 1.05 g/cm 3. After adding 5-8% of acetic acid in water it becomes vinegar and is mostly used as preservatives in pickles. Acetic acid is the common name for Ethanoic acid. Table of Content • • • • • • Structure of Ethanoic acid Properties of Ethanoic acid Chemical formula CH 3COOH Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass 60.05 g/mol Density 1.05 g/cm 3 Boiling Point 118 oC Melting Point 16 oC What is glacial acetic acid? Ethanoic acid is also referred to as glacial acetic acid because its melting point is 16 oC. Hence, it often freezes in winter when the climate is cold. Reactions of Ethanoic acids: Esterification reaction: • When carboxylic acid and alcohol react, the product formed is known as an CH 3COOH    +     CH 3CH 2OH   →  CH 3COOCH 2CH 3 (Ethanoic acid)     (Ethanol)                (Esters) • Esters have a sweet fruity smell. They are mainly used for making perfumes and synthetic flavouring agents. The reaction of esters with alkalis gives CH 3COOC 2H 5     + NaOH    →    C 2H 5OH + CH 3COONa Reaction with a base: • Ethanoic acid reacts with a base to give the salt and water just like other mineral acids. Reaction with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates: • Carbon dioxide, salt, and water are produced when ethanoic acid reacts with ca...

• CC(O)=O 506007 1380 3DMet 2789 AF1225000 性质 CH 3COOH 60.05 g·mol⁻¹ 外观 无色液体或晶体 1.049 g·cm −3 ( 1.266 g·cm −3 ( 16-17 °C（289-290 K）（289.6 K, 61.6 °F） 118-119 °C（391-392 K）（391.2 K, 244.5 °F） 混溶 -0.322 K a 4.76 （25℃） K b 9.198 1.22 结构 1.74 D (g) 热力学 f H m ⦵ 298K -483.5 kJ/mol S ⦵ 298K 158.0 J/mol/K 123.1 J/mol/K 危险性 R： R10- R35 S： S1/2- S23- S26- S45 主要危害 有腐蚀性 有刺激性 目录 • 1 命名 • 2 研究史 • 2.1 早期研究 • 2.2 化学合成与表征 • 2.3 工业生产 • 3 物理性质 • 3.1 结构 • 3.2 溶剂性质 • 4 化学性质 • 4.1 酸碱性 • 4.2 有机反应 • 4.3 鉴别 • 5 制备 • 5.1 发酵法 • 5.2 甲醇羰基化法 • 5.3 乙醇氧化法 • 5.4 乙醛氧化法 • 5.5 乙烯氧化法 • 5.6 丁烷氧化法 • 5.7 其他方法 • 6 用途 • 6.1 乙酸乙烯酯单体 • 6.2 乙酸酐 • 6.3 醋 • 6.4 溶剂 • 6.5 其他应用 • 7 安全性 • 8 参见 • 9 参考文献 • 10 外部链接 命名 乙酸（英語： acetic acid）既是常用名也是 IUPAC）推荐的学名 acetum”。在中文世界中亦使用俗名 醋酸。无水乙酸在略低于室温的温度下（16.7℃），能够转化为一种具有腐蚀性的冰状 冰醋酸（英語： glacial acetic acid） 乙酸的实验式（最简式）为 CH 2 O 代表了乙酸根离子 1815年，瑞典化学家 C 所取代的产物，而非如贝尔塞柳斯所预言的那样本身含有一当量的水；他同时预言了水分子中两个氢都被取代的产物—— 工业生产 19世纪前，人类制造的绝大部分乙酸都是以食醋的形式，通过 化学性质 酸碱性 乙酸是一元羧酸。其 a=4.75（25℃） 乙酸具有酸的通性，可与碱金属/碱土金属 2 CH 3 COOH + Mg ( OH ) 2 ⟶ ( CH 3 COO ) 2 Mg + 2 H 2 O 乙酸的 有机反应 乙酸具有羧酸的通性，能参与诸多有机反应：乙酸可与 CH 3 COOH + PCl 5 ⟶ CH 3 COCl + POCl 3 + HCl 440℃的高温下，乙酸发生 （ 英语 ： Electron cyclotron resonance）可将乙酸直接分解成碳单质，并以 鉴别 乙酸可与 乙酸的制备可以通过人工合成和细菌发酵两种方法。现在，生物合成法，即利用细菌发酵，仅占整个世界产量的10%，但是仍然是生产 整个世界生产的纯乙酸每年大概有500万 发酵法 有氧发酵 在人类历史中，以醋的形式存在的乙酸，一直是用 2H 5OH + 2 → CH 3COOH + 2O 做法是将醋菌属的细菌接种于稀释后的酒精溶液并保持一定温度，放置于一个通风的位置，在几个月内就能够变为醋。工业生产醋的方法通过提供 现在商业化生产所用方法其中之一被称为“快速方法”或“ 现在的大部分醋是通过液态的细菌培养基制备的，由Otto Hromatka和Heinrich Ebner在1949年首次提出。在此方法中...

Contents • 1 Nomenclature • 2 Properties • 2.1 Acidity • 2.2 Structure • 2.3 Solvent properties • 2.4 Biochemistry • 3 Production • 3.1 Methanol carbonylation • 3.2 Acetaldehyde oxidation • 3.3 Ethylene oxidation • 3.4 Oxidative fermentation • 3.5 Anaerobic fermentation • 4 Uses • 4.1 Vinyl acetate monomer • 4.2 Ester production • 4.3 Acetic anhydride • 4.4 Use as solvent • 4.5 Medical use • 4.6 Foods • 5 Reactions • 5.1 Organic chemistry • 5.2 Reactions with inorganic compounds • 5.3 Other derivatives • 6 History • 6.1 Interstellar medium • 7 Health effects and safety • 8 See also • 9 Notes • 10 References • 11 External links Acetic acid is produced industrially both synthetically and by bacterial Acetic acid can be purified via [ Methanol carbonylation Most acetic acid is produced by methanol The process involves • CH 3OH + HI → CH 3I + H 2O • CH 3I + CO → CH 3COI • CH 3COI + H 2O → CH 3COOH + HI Two related processes exist for the carbonylation of methanol: the rhodium-catalyzed By altering the process conditions, Acetaldehyde oxidation Prior to the commercialization of the Monsanto process, most acetic acid was produced by oxidation of Light 2 C 4H 10 + 5 O 2 → 4 CH 3CO 2H + 2 H 2O Such oxidations require metal catalyst, such as the The typical reaction is conducted at Similar conditions and 2 CH 3CHO + O 2 → 2 CH 3CO 2H Using modern catalysts, this reaction can have an acetic acid yield greater than 95%. The major side-products are Ethylene oxidation Acetaldehyde may ...

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • • • T his page explains what acid anhydrides are and looks at their simple physical properties such as boiling points. It introduces their chemical reactivity in a general way. A If you took two ethanoic acid molecules and removed a molecule of water between them you would get the acid anhydride, ethanoic anhydride (old name: acetic anhydride). You can actually make ethanoic anhydride by dehydrating ethanoic acid, but it is normally made in a more efficient, round-about way

Contents • 1 Human metabolic physiology • 1.1 Ethanol and evolution • 1.2 Physiologic structures • 2 Thermodynamic considerations • 2.1 Energy thermodynamics • 2.1.1 Energy calculations • 2.1.1.1 Step one • 2.1.1.2 Step two • 2.1.1.3 Step three • 2.1.1.4 Steps 4 through 11 • 2.1.2 Discussion of calculations • 3 Organic reaction scheme • 3.1 Steps of the reaction • 4 Gene expression and ethanol metabolism • 4.1 Ethanol to acetaldehyde in human adults • 4.1.1 Ethanol to acetaldehyde in human fetuses • 4.2 Acetaldehyde to acetic acid • 4.3 Acetic acid to acetyl-CoA • 4.4 Acetyl-CoA to water and carbon dioxide • 5 See also • 6 References • 7 Further reading Thermodynamic considerations Energy thermodynamics Energy calculations The reaction from ethanol to f values given in the CRC. Complete reaction: C 2H 6O(ethanol) → C 2H 4O(acetaldehyde) → C 2H 4O 2(acetic acid) → acetyl-CoA → 3H 2O + 2CO 2. ΔG f = Σ ΔG fp − ΔG fo Step one C 2H 6O(ethanol) + + → C 2H 4O(acetaldehyde) + + Ethanol: −174.8 kJ/mol −127.6 kJ/mol ΔG f1 = −127.6 kJ/mol + 174.8 kJ/mol = 47.2 kJ/mol (endergonic) ΣΔG f = 47.2 kJ/mol (endergonic, but this does not take into consideration the simultaneous reduction of NAD +.) Step two C 2H 4O(acetaldehyde) + + + H 2O → C 2H 4O 2(acetic acid) + + Acetaldehyde: −127.6 kJ/mol −389.9 kJ/mol ΔG f2 = −389.9 kJ/mol + 127.6 kJ/mol = −262.3 kJ/mol (exergonic) ΣΔG f = −262.3 kJ/mol + 47.2 kJ/mol = −215.1 kJ/mol (exergonic, but again this does not take into consideration the redu...