Ihd full form in medical

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition that affects your coronary arteries, which supply blood to your heart. With CAD, plaque buildup narrows or blocks one or more of your coronary arteries. Chest discomfort (angina) is the most common symptom. CAD can lead to a heart attack or other complications like arrhythmia or heart failure. Lifestyle changes you can make to reduce your risk of coronary artery disease. What is coronary artery disease? Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a narrowing or blockage of your coronary arteries, usually due to plaque buildup. Your Picture two traffic lanes that merge into one due to construction. Traffic keeps flowing, just more slowly. With CAD, you might not notice anything is wrong until the plaque triggers a blood clot. The blood clot is like a concrete barrier in the middle of the road. Traffic stops. Similarly, blood can’t reach your heart, and this causes a heart attack. You might have CAD for many years and not have any symptoms until you experience a heart attack. That’s why CAD is a “silent killer.” Other names for CAD include coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic heart disease. It’s also what most people mean when they use the general term “heart disease.” Forms of coronary artery disease There are two main forms of coronary artery disease: • Stable ischemic heart disease: This is the chronic form. Your coronary arteries gradually narrow over many years. Over time, your heart receives less oxygen-rich blood. You may feel so...

Does this patient have acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy? What are the indications for renal replacement therapy in patients with acute kidney injury? In the absence of effective pharmacologic therapies, the care of the patient with acute kidney injury (AKI) is limited to supportive management, with the use of renal replacement therapy (RRT) assuming a major role. The optimal timing to initiate RRT in AKI is not defined and no consensus exists on the precise cutoff values for initiation. As a result, practice patterns vary widely. In most instances, clinicians initiate RRT to prevent uremia and immediate death from the adverse complications of renal failure. These conventional life-threatening indications for initiating RRT in AKI include: Hyperkalemia refractory to medical management Metabolic acidosis refractory to medical management Uremia with symptoms of encephalopathy, pericarditis, or uremic bleeding Intoxication with a drug that can be removed by dialysis Unfortunately, beyond this indication-based approach, there is limited evidence to guide clinicians on when to initiate RRT in critically ill patients with AKI. Although several meta-analyses of both randomized controlled trials and cohort studies have suggested that “early” initiation of RRT for AKI (based on a lower urea or creatinine level) is associated with better patient survival, these studies have significant design limitations and need to be confirmed with adequately powered randomiz...

Overview Heart disease describes a range of conditions that affect the heart. Heart diseases include: • Blood vessel disease, such as coronary artery disease • Irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias) • Heart problems you're born with (congenital heart defects) • Disease of the heart muscle • Heart valve disease Symptoms Heart disease symptoms depend on the type of heart disease. Symptoms of heart disease in the blood vessels Coronary artery disease is a common heart condition that affects the major blood vessels that supply the heart muscle. Cholesterol deposits (plaques) in the heart arteries are usually the cause of coronary artery disease. The buildup of these plaques is called atherosclerosis (ath-ur-o-skluh-ROE-sis). Atherosclerosis reduces blood flow to the heart and other parts of the body. It can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke. Coronary artery disease symptoms may be different for men and women. For instance, men are more likely to have chest pain. Women are more likely to have other symptoms along with chest discomfort, such as shortness of breath, nausea and extreme fatigue. Symptoms of coronary artery disease can include: • Chest pain, chest tightness, chest pressure and chest discomfort (angina) • Shortness of breath • Pain in the neck, jaw, throat, upper belly area or back • Pain, numbness, weakness or coldness in the legs or arms if the blood vessels in those body areas are narrowed You might not be diagnosed with coronary artery disease unt...

Medical history. The first step in diagnosing Ischaemic Heart Disease derives from an interview with your doctor. Your doctor will first evaluate the presence of any cardiovascular risk factors: family history, whether you smoke, the presence of diseases associated with ischaemic cardiomyopathy, such as Secondly, your doctor will identify the characteristics of chaist pain by determining whether it is a restrictive or a stabbing feeling, is associated with physical effort or a certain position, is associated with nausea or a shortness of breath, or it radiates towards the shoulders, jaw or back. The combined information taken from both sections of the interview is used to determine whether the patient has Ischaemic Heart Disease and to select the most suitable tests to confirm the diagnosis.

Ischemic Heart Disease Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is one of the most important cardiac diseases and defined by an inadequate oxygen supply of the myocardial cells (Task Force Members et al., 2013). From: Encyclopedia of Cardiovascular Research and Medicine, 2018 Related terms: • Apoplexy • Therapeutic Procedure • Patient • Inpatient • Heart Failure Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of death in both developing and developed countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 3802000 men and 3406000 women died of CHD worldwide in 2004 ( World Health Organization, 2004). Thus, approximately 13% of all deaths were caused by CHD. In the Global Burden of Disease Study, mortality was grouped into high and low/middle-income countries, with the latter being divided into six geographical regions ( Lopez et al., 2006). CHD was the leading cause of death in both groups of countries, with only 1.4 of the 7.1million CHD deaths (2001) occurring in high-income countries ( Table 1). Mortality from CHD increases with advancing age. To allow the comparison of mortality rates between populations and over time, age standardization is performed taking into account differences in age distribution. Age-standardized CHD rates are higher in men than in women. Empty Cell Low and middle-income countries High-income countries Empty Cell Cause Deaths (millions) % of total deaths Cause Deaths (millions) % of total deaths 1 Coronary heart disease 5.7 12% Corona...

The American College of Physicians (ACP), in collaboration with the American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons, has developed a guideline on the management of stable ischemic heart disease (IHD). This summary presents recommendations related to risk factor modification (including strategies of unproven benefit), medical therapies to prevent myocardial infarction and death and to relieve symptoms, and alternative therapies for relief of symptoms in patients with stable IHD. The full guideline contains additional recommendations related to patient education, revascularization to improve survival and symptoms, and patient follow-up. Lifestyle modifications are recommended for lipid management in all patients, including daily physical activity and weight management. The recommended dietary therapy for all patients should include reducing intake of saturated fats to less than 7% of total calories, reducing intake of trans-fatty acids to less than 1% of total calories, and reducing daily cholesterol intake to less than 200 mg. In addition, moderate- to high-dose statin therapy should be prescribed in the absence of contraindications or documented adverse effects. Patients who have hypertension should receive counseling on the need for lifestyle modification. This includes maintaining a healthy weight, increasing physical activity, ...