Mangrove forest

Mangrove is the name for a tree—and also for a complex ecosystem—that bridges land and sea. There are around 70 species of mangrove trees (meaning trees that can grow in salty water and soils), but they are not all closely related. The ability to live in a swampy, salty habitat evolved many times over millions of years resulting in a wide diversity of mangrove trees. What do they have in common? Mangrove trees have unique adaptations to survive salt water, and their roots provide structure and habitat for organisms to grow upon and hide behind. With plentiful tiny food, mangroves are important nurseries for fish we like to eat. Up in their branches, unique tropical organisms thrive, some able to bridge the land-sea gap and others that never enter the sea. And once they die, mangrove leaves and branches are broken down and eaten by another set of organisms, many of them microscopic. These ecosystems not only provide homes to many species, they also take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it, helping to reduce global warming and ocean acidification. Their numerous sturdy trunks protect coastal cities and towns from flooding during storms. It is estimated that a single hectare of mangrove can be worth $20,000 a year (or $8,100 per acre) in contributions to fisheries and coastal protection. This view of mangrove roots above the water misses a lot of the action. The roots extend far below the water’s surface, anchoring the forest to the sea and providing a tangled hab...

In Mangrove forests occur along estuaries and deltas on tropical coasts. Temperate rainforests filled with evergreen and laurel trees are lower and less dense than other kinds of rainforests because the climate is more equable, with a moderate temperature range and well-distributed annual rainfall. • In Between the tide marks, mangrove forests flourish in tropical conditions, and salt marshes form in temperate and subarctic conditions. Below low tide, sea grasses form dense beds on muddy substrates. In areas of an estuary where water movement is vigorous enough to remove sediment, leaving a stony or rocky bottom,… occurrence • Cayman Islands • In …gulf’s shores are covered with mangrove swamps, except in the west, where Conchagua Volcano in El Salvador rises sharply from the shore. Notable among the islands in the gulf are Zacate Grande, El Tigre, and Meanguera. The main ports are La Unión in El Salvador, Amapala on Isla del Tigre… • Indonesia • In …of Indonesian vegetation is the mangrove forest, characterized by the formation of stilt- or prop-rooted trees, which grow only in salty or brackish water along muddy shores. Mangrove swamps are extensively developed along the shallow seas on eastern Sumatra, southern Kalimantan, and the southeastern segment of western New Guinea. • North America •

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