Myonecrosis

Medical condition Gas gangrene Other names Myonecrosis, [ clarification needed] clostridial myonecrosis Photograph before right leg gas gangrene. The right thigh is Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis myonecrosis [ clarification needed] is a Myonecrosis is a condition of C. perfringens or any of myriad soil-borne Other causes of myonecrosis include Presentation [ ] Gas gangrene can cause myonecrosis (muscle tissue death), gas production, and [ citation needed] Symptoms [ ] A multitude of symptoms is associated with Gas gangrene. Distinctively, black lesions on the skin appear in a bubble form which allows visualization of gas-producing bacteria. Symptoms include: • Skin discoloration • "Foul, sweet" smelling discharge from lesions formed on skin • Distinctive black, bubble lesions on skin • • • Pain at site of surgery or trauma • • • • • • • Etiology [ ] Clostridium species produce more toxins and exhibit higher degrees of Clostridium infections are usually opportunistic, and occur in individuals with serious preexisting medical conditions. However, Clostridium infections are also known to occur in healthy individuals. Four species of Clostridium ( Clostridium is an [ citation needed] Virulence factors [ ] Members of the Clostridium species exhibit a plethora of virulence factors. Common virulence factors associated with gas gangrene include Clostridium perfringens causes 80–90% of infections and produces both these toxins. [ citation needed] Alpha toxin (α...

OVERVIEW: What every practitioner needs to know about myositis Are you sure your patient has myositis? What should you expect to find? Infectious myositis is uncommon, and may be due to a wide variety of pathogens, ranging from viruses to invasive microorganisms, such as bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and even parasites. In some cases, particularly viral infections, myositis accompanies systemic viral infection and is managed supportively. In the case of invasive bacterial and fungal infections, myositis can be a progressive and life-threatening illness requiring early diagnosis and aggressive management. Most cases of bacterial myositis are due to Staphylococcus aureus and recognized as pyomyositis. However, additional distinct rapidly necrotizing myositis syndromes, such as streptococcal myositis and clostridial myonecrosis, may be recognized by their dramatic clinical presentations, which promote early diagnosis and therapy. Since localized or generalized pain is a prominent and often nonspecific feature of infectious myositis, early diagnosis can be challenging. • Signs of pyomyositis Invasive stage: variable fever, localized swelling and induration (± erythema), and minimal tenderness Suppurative stage: progressive fever, localized muscle tenderness, swelling, with or without fluctuance, and successful aspiration of purulent fluid if attemptedSepsis stage: marked local findings of erythema, fluctuance, exquisite tenderness, and signs of sepsis (i.e., hypotension, shoc...

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Article: • • • • Images: • Pathology Etiology Myonecrosis represents an infarction of the skeletal muscles. It has a variety of causes 1-3: • post-traumatic (see: • • prolonged immobilization • idiopathic • • • • severe ischemia • intra-arterial chemotherapy • • • toxin (e.g. snake bite) Radiographic appearance Plain radiograph Plain film can usually only demonstrate the late sequelae of myonecrosis characterized by dystrophic soft tissue calcifications 3. CT Also relatively insensitive, it can better assess the exact position and extent of calcifications within the muscles. MRI Non-contrast, fluid-sensitive sequences may show a specific swelling and edema of the muscles. Absent enhancement of the affected muscle following IV contrast administration is virtually 3. Subacute myonecrosis may show rim enhancement, which can be mistaken for an abscess. Administration of IV contrast is contraindicated in rhabdomyolysis. The 4. In Differential diagnosis • • • 1. May DA, Disler DG, Jones EA et-al. Abnormal signal intensity in skeletal muscle at MR imaging: patterns, pearls, and pitfalls. Radiographics. 2000;20 Spec No (suppl_1): S295-315. • 2. Dähnert W. Radiology Review Manual. LWW. (2011) ISBN:1609139437. • 3. William Palmer, Laura Bancroft, Fiona Bonar, Jung-Ah Choi, Anne Cotten, James F. Griffith, Philip Robinson, Christian W.A. Pfirrmann. Glossary of terms for musculoskeletal radiology. (2020) Skeletal Radiology. • 4. Revzin MV, Raza S, Srivastava NC, Warshawsky R, D'Agostin...