Nephron diagram class 10

Structure of nephron A nephron is a microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is made of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a network of capillaries called glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. The corpuscle and tubule both are connected. They are made of epithelial cells. The tubule has five parts, namely: 1. Proximal convoluted tubule which is connected to the Bowman's capsule. 2. The loop of Henle which has two parts, ascending loop of Henle and descending loop of Henle. 3. Distal convoluted tubule 4. The collecting tubule 5. Collecting ducts Functions of nephron. Filtration of blood takes place in the Bowman's capsule. Blood reaches the glomerulus through afferent arteriole of the renal artery. The amount of blood that enters the Bowman's capsule while passing through glomerulus is called filtrate. The filtrate contains glucose, amino acid, salts, and water. This filtrate passes through renal tubule where selective reabsorption takes place. The useful substances like glucose, amino acid, water etc are reabsorbed. The remaining filtrate is called urine which is collected in the collecting duct. Nephron Structure A nephron is a microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is made of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a network of capillaries called glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. The corpuscle and tubule both are connected. They are made of epithelial cells. The tubule ma...

Table of Contents 1 • • • • • • • • • Structure of Nephron Diagram Important parts of Nephron with their Structure and Functions are as follows Bowman’s Capsule • Bowman’s capsule refers to a membranous, double- walled capsule, which surrounds a glomerulus of the nephron. • It is a cup-like structure Consists of two epithelial cell layers. • Bowman’s Capsule receives the filtrate of the glomerulus . • It does not contain blood cells and platelets. Glomerulus • Glomerulus refers to a cluster of small blood capillaries in the nephron, which filtersblood plasma. • It is a cluster of blood capillaries consists of a single epithelial layer, which is surrounded by podocytes and mesangial cells. • Proximal convoluted tubule • The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is the nephron site where most reabsorption of “Goodies” takes place. • Obligatory water reabsorption takes place in the PCT and nephron loop [Loop of Henle]. • Since Na- is reabsorbed in the PCT, water follows it via osmosis to balance the changing osmotic gradient. • Some wastes are excreted here into the nephron (eventually eliminated in urine). • It Reabsorbs ions, water, and nutrients; removes toxins and adjusts filtrate pH. Loop of Henle • Found in 1/3 of all nephrons in kidney . • It begins in Cortex of Kidney and Dips into Medulla of Kidney. • It create a very high concentration of Na+ and Cl- ions in tissue fluid of medulla, enabling water. to be reabsorbed from fluid in collecting duct as it flows through medull...

There are two reasons why people can live with a single kidney: 1) glomerular hypertrophy of intact nephrons and 2) tubular cell growth. Glomerular hypertrophy of the nephron is accompanied by afferent arteriole dilation increases capillary filtration pressure. Hypertrophy and afferent arteriole dilation can raise single nephron GFR as much as 50%. Tubular cell growth of the intact nephrons also increases the surface area for tubular reabsorption and secretion, and improves the ability to maintain homeostasis for a variety of small molecules and electrolytes. In chronic kidney disease, a disease that chronically destroys kidney tissue, adaptive growth of the kidney is so effective that kidney disease will not affect the kidney until 80-90% of the kidneys are lost. That is how people are able to live with a single kidney. Also as a tip: think A-afferent-approaching arteriole; think E-efferent-exiting arteriole. Hope this helps! :) source: my pathophysiology notes I always associated kidneys with waste removal (aside from the glandular functions),so I was surprised to learn that it is an arteriole that distributes fluid to the uretur,rather the a venule. I suppose that the waste removal is not the focus here, but a byproduct of the kidneys main focus which would be fluid balance in the body? Yep, these capillaries are fenestration capillaries :) I'm not sure if they explain it in these videos here, but the "Thick Ascending Limb" of the loop of Henle absorbs sodium (Na+). Thi...

Juxtaglomerular apparatus The smooth muscle cells of both afferent and efferent arterioles are swollen and contain dark granules. These cells are called juxtaglomerular cells. The granules contain inactive renin. In case of low blood pressure, renin is secreted from these cells. Renin converts angiotensinogen in the blood to angiotensin. Angiotensin stimulates the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone increases the blood pressure through vasoconstriction, reabsorption of sodium ions by distal convoluted tubule and water by collecting duct. Blood supply to the kidney tubules • Renal arteries branch off from the dorsal aorta to enter the kidneys. Each renal artery gives rise to afferent arterioles which form the glomerulus inside the Bowman's capsule. • Efferent arterioles arise from the glomerulus and have narrow lumen than that of afferent arteriole. • The efferent arteriole divides to form the peritubular capillary network around the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. • The capillaries of vasa recta arise from the peritubular capillary network. these capillaries extend parallel to the loops of Henle and the collecting ducts in the medulla. • All the capillary networks join to form renal venules which further join to form a renal vein. • Renal vein opens into inferior vena cava. Uriniferous tubules The uriniferous tubule (also referred as nephron) is a microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is made of a renal corpuscle and a...

Nephron is the basic filtering unit found in the kidney. It is also called as uriniferous tubules or renal tubules or just kidney tubules Nephron is a long coiled tubule whose one end is connected to the double walled cup-shaped structure called Bowman’s capsule and the other end to a urine collecting duct. Bowman’s capsule contains a bundle of blood capillaries, known as glomerulus, that is followed by the tubular part of nephron, which forms loops at some places. Structure of Nephron Diagram Glomerular Filtration: Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through the capillary walls and pores of the glomerular capsule into the renal tubule. Tubular Reabsorption: Water, glucose, amino acids, and needed ions are transported out of the filtrate into the tubule cells and then enter the capillary blood. Tubular Secretion Many ions, creatinine, and drugs are removed from the peritubular blood and secreted by the tubule cells into the filtrate. Functions Of Nephrons Tagged

• Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus are together called as the glomerular apparatus. • There are afferent and efferent arterioles which bring and carry the blood way. • T he blood is filtered by the glomerulus and enters the Bowman's capsule where the podocytes help in the filtration and the glomerular filtrate is formed. • When the glomerular filtrate comes to the proximal tubule then the essential nutrients are reabsorbed. • There are two limbs of the loop of Henle, ascending and descending limb. • The countercurrent exchange mechanismoccurs which help in the regulation of the water and ions in the blood. • When the glomerular filtrate is in the proximal tubule creatinine, uric acid are secreted in it. • When the filtrate goes to the distal convoluted tubule urea, potassium ion and some hydrogen ions are secreted in it. • The urine which is formed is transported by the collecting tubules to the renal pelvis. • The urine is transported out by the ureters to the urinary bladder to store and excrete the urine from urethra .