Physiology changes during pregnancy slideshare

A 20-year-old female presents to your office for routine well-woman examination. She has a history of acne, for which she takes minocycline and isotretinoin on a daily basis. She also has a history of epilepsy that is well controlled on valproic acid. She also takes a combined oral contracep-tive birth control pill containing norethindrone acetate and ethinyl estra-diol. She is a nonsmoker but drinks alcohol on a daily basis. She is concerned about the effectiveness of her birth control pill, given all the medications that she takes. She is particularly worried about the effects of her medications on a developing fetus in the event of an unintended preg-nancy. Which of the following drugs has the lowest potential to cause birth defects? a. A 32-year-old woman, gravida 2 para 1, was hospitalized in the 31st week of gestation with a diagnosis of preterm labor. Ritodrine tocolysis failed to control uterine contractions, and an emergency cesarean section was performed for a decelerative fetal heart rate tracing. After the infant was delivered, ligation of the bilateral uterine arteries and their anastomoses with the ovarian arteries was performed. A 4×6-cm ellipsoid area of the anterior uterine corpus with placenta percreta was excised. Unilateral tubal occlusion was noted on hysterosalpingography 3 months after surgery, but the patient refused further interventions. The second case we present is that of a 28-year-old woman, gravida 3 para 2, who had her third cesarean deliver...

Pregnancy is an amazing process that affects almost every Throughout the pregnancy, Everything starts with On that day, in the Normally, the egg gets fertilized by a Almost right away, cells start to divide over and over, until there’s a ball of cells called the blastocyst on day 4. The blastocyst typically floats around inside the Around this time, the corpus luteum makes a lot more At this early stage, there are two parts to the blastocyst - an inner set of cells that go on to become the fetus, and an outer set of cells called the trophoblast that burrow into the That trophoblast cells start to produce a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin or HCG around day 8, and this is important for two reasons. One - it’s the hormone that lets the corpus luteum know that there has been a successful implantation into the And it’s the continued presence of • "Medical Physiology" Elsevier (2016) • "Physiology" Elsevier (2017) • "Human Anatomy & Physiology" Pearson (2018) • "Principles of Anatomy and Physiology" Wiley (2014) • "Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy" Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2019) • "Constipation, haemorrhoids, and heartburn in pregnancy" BMJ Clin Evid (2010) • "Inducing Tolerance to Pregnancy" New England Journal of Medicine (2012) • "Accuracy of single progesterone test to predict early pregnancy outcome in women with pain or bleeding: meta-analysis of cohort studies" BMJ (2012) • "ACOG Committee Opinion No. 343: psych...

Changes During Pregnancy (Text Version) Month 1 to 2 Weeks 1 to 8 [Image of an embryo in a uterus during the first or second month of pregnancy] • The egg is fertilized by sperm and a growing ball of cells called the blastocyst implants in the uterus. • Week 5 begins the embryo stage of development. • The brain and spine begin to form, followed by the neural tube. • Cardiac tissue starts to develop. • Parts of the face take shape and the inner ear begins to develop. • Arm and leg buds appear, and then webbed fingers and toes emerge. • The long tube that will become the digestive tract takes shape. By the end of week 8, the embryo is about half an inch long. Month 3 Weeks 9 to 12 [Image of a fetus in a uterus during the third month of pregnancy] • Cartilage for the limbs, hands, and feet is forming but won’t harden into bones for a few weeks. • Eyelids form but remain closed. • The head develops a rounded shape. • Week 11 begins the fetus stage of development. • The fetus makes breathing-like movements and swallows amniotic fluid. • The kidneys are making urine, the pancreas is making insulin, and fingernails have formed. By the end of week 12, the fetus is about 2 inches long and weighs about half an ounce. Month 4 Weeks 13 to 16 [Image of a fetus in a uterus during the fourth month of pregnancy] • By week 13, all major organs have formed and will continue to develop. • Bones are hardening, especially the long bones. • The skin is thin and see-through but will start to thi...

Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the period during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. It typically lasts 9 months. Coitus and conception are the initial stages that occur in humans that allow for the establishment of pregnancy. Sexual intercourse that results in the deposition of sperm in the vagina at the level of the cervix is known as coitus. In order for coitus to occur humans need to be sexually aroused. Sexual arousal is then followed by a series of phases – the excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasmic phase and resolution phase. After sperm has been deposited at the cervix it is transported to the uterus where it fertilises the ovum and implants in the uterine stroma. This is known as conception. Following this we will consider the changes that occur within the woman to meet the demands of pregnancy on the body. Various physiological adaptations occurs which allow her to support and protect the fetus. We will take a systems based approach to this. The placenta is a vital connecting organ between the maternal uterus and fetus. It supports the developing fetus in utero by supplying nutrients, eliminating waste products and enabling gas exchange via the maternal blood supply. Following birth lactation must occur. Lactation is the maternal physiological response whereby milk is secreted from the mammary glands to feed the infant. It is released via the let-down reflex.

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Postnatal Care Module: 2. The Normal Puerperium Study Session 2The Normal Puerperium Introduction In this study session you will learn about the normal postnatal changes that occur to women during the six weeks after childbirth. The postnatal period is also known by doctors, nurses and midwives as the puerperium. It includes the normal processes of physical and psychological adjustments during this period. Do you remember the physiological changes in pregnancy from the Antenatal Care Module, Study Session 3? Here we focus in detail on the normal adjustments during the puerperium, in particular the changes that occur in the reproductive system and in other body systems. Puerperium is pronounced ‘poo-ayre-peer-ee-um’. Some women in your postnatal care may not understand all of the normal changes which they experience after childbirth. They may become alarmed about changes that are perfectly normal, or ignore symptoms that are really danger signs. Some women find mothering a new baby very easy and natural; for others the mothering role may be difficult. As a Health Extension Practitioner working in the community, you have a unique opportunity to assist mothers and their families to cope with the adjustments during the postnatal period. Learning Outcomes for Study Session 2 After studying this session, you should be able to: 2.1 Define and use correctly all of the key words printed in bold. (SAQ 2.1) 2.2 Describe the expected physiological responses of new mothers during the n...