Sedative drugs

Neurologic morbidity is highly prevalent in pediatric critical illness, and the use of benzodiazepines and/or opioids are risk factors for delirium and post-discharge sequelae. However, little is known about how multidrug sedation with these medications interacts with inflammation in the developing brain, a frequent condition during childhood critical illness that has not been extensively studied. In weanling rats, mild-moderate inflammation was induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on postnatal day (P)18 and combined with 3 days repeated opioid and benzodiazepine sedation using morphine and midazolam (MorMdz) between P19-21. Delirium-like behaviors including abnormal response to whisker stimulation, wet dog shakes, and delay in finding buried food were induced in male and female rat pups treated with LPS, MorMdz, or LPS/MorMdz (n ≥ 17/group) and were compared using a z-score composite. Composite scores were significantly increased in LPS, MorMdz, and LPS/MorMdz groups compared to saline control (F = 38.1, p < 0.0001). Additionally, expression of glial-associated neuroinflammatory markers ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in western blots of P22 brain homogenate were significantly higher after LPS than after LPS/MorMdz (Iba1, p < 0.0001; GFAP, p < 0.001). Likewise, proinflammatory cytokines were increased in brains of LPS-treated pups versus Saline (p = 0.002), but not LPS/MorMdz-treated pups (p = 0.16). These resu...

Xanax Major tranquilizers are highly selective in q.v.). They are thought to work by blocking the neurotransmitter See also clozapine, whose exact mode of action remains unclear relieves schizophrenic symptoms in some patients who are not helped by phenothiazines. Clozapine lacks the side effects of the phenothiazines but tends to induce an

×Top Health Categories • Coronavirus Disease COVID-19 • Gastrointestinal Health • Artificial Intelligence • Heart Disease • Mpox • High Blood Pressure • Allergies • Lung Cancer • Alzheimer's & Dementia • Mental Health • Arthritis & Rheumatology • Pregnancy • Breast Cancer • Type 1 Diabetes • Cold, Flu & Cough • Type 2 Diabetes • Diet & Nutrition • Sexual Health • Eating Disorders • Sleep • Eye Health • By Dr. Tomislav Meštrović, MD, Ph.D. Sedatives are a diverse group of drugs manufactured for medical purposes to relax the central nervous system. Also known as tranquillizers or central nervous system (CNS) depressants, they encompass drug classes such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics, anesthetics, antihistamines and opioid narcotics, as well as herbal compounds. History of sedatives Before the era of modern medicine, the most commonly prescribed sedative to ease tension, cause relaxation and help forget problems was alcohol. Its beneficial effects were definitely the reason why alcohol gained such popularity and is still the most commonly abused sedative of all time. Attempts to find sedatives other than alcohol for treating anxiety and nervousness began in the 19th century with the introduction of bromides, which were discovered in 1826. These drugs were extremely popular for this purpose until their propensity to build up in the body and produce toxic effects became known in the medical community. Because of their toxicity, bromides...

Sedatives, or central nervous system depressants, are a group of drugs that slow brain activity. People use these drugs to help them calm down, feel more relaxed, and get better sleep. There has been a • • sleep disorders • • tension • • alcohol withdrawal syndrome Sedatives are drugs that people commonly misuse. Misusing sedatives and prolonging their use may lead to dependency and eventual withdrawal symptoms. This article examines the different types of sedatives available and their possible uses. It also looks at the potential risks associated with using them and some alternative options. Share on Pinterest Ana Maria Serrano/Getty Images Sedatives have numerous clinical uses. For example, they can induce sedation before surgical procedures, and this can range from mild sedation to general anesthesia. Doctors also give sedatives and analgesics to individuals to reduce anxiety and provide pain relief before and after procedures. Obstetric anesthesiologists may also give sedatives to people experiencing distress or restlessness during labor. Because of their ability to relieve physical stress and anxiety and promote relaxation, doctors may also prescribe sedatives to people with People with The following is a list of sedatives that people commonly use. Barbiturates Barbiturates help relieve anxiety and treat seizures. Examples of barbiturates include: • phenobarbital (Luminal) • amobarbital (Amytal Sodium) • butalbital (Fiorinal) • pentobarbital (Nembutal) Benzodiazepines...

The rise of fentanyl, an anesthetic turned street drug, has brought on the most dangerous phase yet in the decades-long US opioid epidemic, driving record rates of fatal overdoses even higher. Fentanyl is claiming the lives not just of people with an opiate addiction but also users of cocaine, methamphetamines and other drugs to which it’s added. Its consumption spiraled upward during the Covid-19 pandemic. And the threat keeps evolving: Dealers have begun mixing fentanyl with xylazine, a cheap animal tranquilizer that poses its own health risks. It’s a synthetic form of painkilling opioids like morphine. Originally developed to meet a need for stronger painkillers and used in hospitals for surgeries, fentanyl is now a cheap and abundant ingredient in the illegal drug trade. It’s often used to strengthen or stretch stockpiles of other illicit drugs, or make counterfeit versions of other frequently abused prescription drugs such as Adderall. Fentanyl is up to 100 times as powerful as morphine in its prescription form and 50 times as powerful as heroin. Just 2 milligrams, equal to a few grains of salt, can cause a fatal overdose. Drug overdose death rates involving fentanyl more than tripled in the US from 2016 to 2021, reaching almost 22 per 100,000 people in 2021. US Drug Enforcement Administration chief Anne Milgram has described fentanyl as “the single deadliest drug threat our nation has ever encountered.” Much illicit fentanyl is manufactured abroad and smuggled into t...

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Anxiolytics are a class of medications used to prevent or treat anxiety There are different How Do Anxiolytics Work? There are different types of anxiolytic medications that work in different ways. Benzodiazepines. These medications are called Some • • • • B uspirone ( BuSpar ) is an older anxiolytic that is sometimes used to treat chronic anxiety and panic. It’s considered non-habit forming but you’ll need to take it for a few weeks before seeing full symptom relief. Barbiturates . These anxiolytics work like benzodiazepines, but they’re much stronger. Low doses can ease mild to moderate anxiety and give you a relaxing, calming feeling. These are best used as short-term medications, as they are Examples of barbiturates include: • • • Non-benzodiazepine drugs. These have a different structure than benzodiazepines, but they too • • • Zopiclone Beta-blockers. While normally used for heart conditions, your doctor might prescribe a beta-blocker What Are Anxiolytics Used For? Some anxiolytic drugs are also sedatives, but they’re used differently. Whereas sedatives treat insomnia, epilepsy, other What Are the Side Effects of Anxiolytics? Some short-term side effects of anxiolytics can include: • • Low heart rate • Low blood pressure • • Memory loss • • Depression • Dizziness • Faulty judgment • Nausea • Long-term anxiolytic use can also cause side effects like: • Mood swings • • Vision problems • Sleep problems • Breathing problems • • Sexual problems • Chronic fatigue Warnings ...