Shiwalik range

The Shiwalik Range, also known as the Shivalik Hills or the Outer Himalayas, is a mountain range in northern India and southern Nepal. It is the southernmost and outermost range of the Himalayas. The formation of the Shiwalik Range is closely linked to the geological processes that shaped the Himalayan Mountain system. As the Indian plate approached the Eurasian plate, it started to subduct beneath it. Subduction is the process where one tectonic plate sinks beneath another due to the difference in density. The subduction of the Indian plate led to the upliftment of the overlying sedimentary and crustal rocks, creating the Himalayas. The Shiwalik Range specifically formed during the later stages of Himalayan orogeny, which refers to the mountain-building processes. These later stages occurred approximately 2 to 5 million years ago. During this time, as the Indian plate continued to collide with the Eurasian plate, immense compressional forces acted on the sedimentary rocks that had accumulated in the region. The compressional forces resulted in folding, faulting, and upliftment of the rocks, giving rise to the Shiwalik Range. The range primarily consists of sedimentary rocks, including sandstones, shales, conglomerates, and clay. These rocks were originally deposited in ancient marine and terrestrial environments. The formation of the Shiwalik Range is a result of ongoing tectonic processes. The Indian plate is still pushing northward, causing the Himalayas to rise and the...

Himalayas – Regional Divisions Punjab Himalayas • Between the Indus and the Satluj rivers [560 km long]. • All the major rivers of Indus river system flow through Punjab Himalayas. • A large portion of Punjab Himalayas is in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Hence they are also called the Kashmir and Himachal Himalaya. • Karakoram, Ladakh, Pir Panjal, Zaskar and Dhaola Dhar are the major ranges in this section. • The general elevation falls westwards. Assam Himalayas • Spreads over Sikkim, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. • Elevation here is much lesser than that of the Nepal Himalayas. • The southern slopes are very steep but the northern slopes are gentle. • The Lesser Himalayas are very narrow and are very close to the Great Himalayas. Western Himalayas • Between the Indus in the west and the Kali river in the east (880 km). • Spread across three states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. • It encompasses three physiographic provinces namely Kashmir Himalaya, Himachal Himalaya and Kumaon Himalaya (Uttarakhand Himalayas). • The Ladakh plateau and the Kashmir valley are two important areas of the Kashmir Himalayan region. • In Himachal Himalayas, The Greater Himalaya is represented by the Zaskar range, lesser Himalaya by Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar ranges and the Outer Himalaya by the Shiwalik range. • The southern slopes are rugged, steep and forested while the northern slopes are bare, gentle and show plains with lakes. • The Kumaon Himalayas lie in ...

Table of Contents • • • • • • • • • • What are Shiwaliks Class 9? The outer most range of the Himalayas is called the Shiwaliks. They extend over a width of 10-50km and and have an altitude varying between 900 and 1100 metres. These ranges are composed of unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers from the main Himalayan ranges located farther north. What do you mean by Shiwaliks? Siwalik Range, also called Siwalik Hills or Outer Himalayas, Siwalik also spelled Shiwalik, sub-Himalayan range of the northern Indian subcontinent. The southernmost of the three mountain belts are the Outer Himalayas, also called the Siwalik (or Shiwalik)… What is Shiwaliks short answer? The southernmost range of the Himalayan system is known as Shiwalik hills. The average altitude of the Shiwalik Ranges varies between 900 to 1100m. The area between Shiwaliks and the lesser Himalayas consist of a number of valleys. These valleys are more or less parallel to the ranges and are known as Duns. Why Shiwaliks are called Shiwaliks? In between the Shiwaliks in the south and the Greater Himalayas in the north. Runs almost parallel to both the ranges. It is also called the Himachal or Lower Himalaya….Middle or the Lesser Himalaya. Important ranges of Lesser Himalayas Region Mahabharat Lekh Nepal Where are the Shiwaliks? The Shivalik are the hills of the most ranges and they stretch from the Indus river on the western side and they cover about the 2400 km to the eastern sides of the Brahmaputra river...

Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • This is the original draft, which may differ from published manuscript. Please refer to Abstract The Himalayan foothills or the Siwaliks have been considered as one of the most fragile ecosystems of India. The underlying cause of degradation includes natural settings (geological formation and climate change) and human-mediated pressures (sandstone mining, urbanisation and developmental activities). Since the Siwaliks is associated with the livelihood of about 20 million people, it becomes imperative to respond appropriately for sustaining this ecologically fragile region. Ecological principles have great potential to develop sustainable practices for the conservation and management of natural resources. These principles offer nature-based solutions to sustain the ecologically sensitive and degraded ecosystems such as the ‘Siwaliks.’ However, there is a need for concerted research to develop data-driven decisions for effective management. Therefore, a systematic analysis was conducted to assess the current patterns and knowledge gaps about plant ecological studies in the Indian Siwalik region. This article analysed the available peer-reviewed literature using established guidelines and bibliometric analyses. We found an increasing trend in the scientific output, and most studies were concentrated in the Siwalik region belonging to the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Although studies have been conducted on plant ecology, landscape ecol...

Major Physical Divisions of India • The Himalayas (young fold mountains), • Indo-Gangetic Plain (monotonous topography – featureless topography), • The Peninsular Plateau (one of the most stable landmasses; one of the oldest plateaus of the world), • Coastal Plains (Sediments due to fluvial action). • The Indian Islands [Coral Islands == coral reef built up on atolls – Lakshadweep. Tectonic == Andaman and Nicobar Islands – Interaction between Indian Plate and Eurasian plate] and Peninsular Plateau • Includes the entire south India, central India, Aravalis, Rajmahal hills, Meghalaya plateau, Kuchchh-Kathiawar region (Gujarat) etc.. • It is the oldest and the most stable landmass of India. Himalayas • Includes the Himalayas, Purvanchal and their extensions Arakan Yoma (Myanmar) and Andaman and Nicobar Islands (but we will consider these as islands only). • It is the youngest and highly unstable landmass of India. [Continent – Continent Convergence] • Tectonic movements are very common. Indo-Gangetic Plain • Between Peninsular and Himalayan region. • Most youthful, monotonous [lack of change or variety] region prone to tectonic forces. Coastal Plains • Eastern Coastal Plains and Western Coastal Plains. • Formed due to consolidation of sediments brought by rivers (fluvial deposits). • Highly stable just like peninsular plateau. Indian Islands • Two major groups – Lakshadweep and, Andaman and Nicobar islands. • Lakshadweep [Hotspot] are group of atolls occupied by coral reefs. ...

The outermost range of the Himalayas is called the Shiwaliks. The three major features of these ranges are (i) They extend over a width of 10-50 km and have an altitude varying between 900 and 1100 metres. (ii) These ranges are composed of unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers from the main Himalayan ranges located farther north. (iii) These valleys are covered with thick gravel and alluvium. The longitudinal valley lying between lesser Himalaya and the Shiwaliks are known as Duns, such as Dehra Dun, Kotli Dun and Patli Dun.

The Himalayan foothills or the Siwaliks have been considered as one of the most fragile ecosystems of India. The underlying cause of degradation includes natural settings (geological formation and climate change) and human-mediated pressures (sandstone mining, urbanisation and developmental activities). Since the Siwaliks is associated with the livelihood of about 20 million people, it becomes imperative to respond appropriately for sustaining this ecologically fragile region. Ecological principles have great potential to develop sustainable practices for the conservation and management of natural resources. These principles offer nature-based solutions to sustain the ecologically sensitive and degraded ecosystems such as the ‘Siwaliks’. However, there is a need for concerted research to develop data-driven decisions for effective management. Therefore, a systematic analysis was conducted to assess the current patterns and knowledge gaps about plant ecological studies in the Indian Siwalik region. This article analysed the available peer-reviewed literature using established guidelines and bibliometric analyses. We found an increasing trend in the scientific output, and most studies were concentrated in the Siwalik region belonging to the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Although studies have been conducted on plant ecology, landscape ecology and ecosystem ecology have been disproportionately focused. Our findings suggest a growing interest in the plant ecology of the region; ...