The number of atp molecules formed per molecule of oxygen used in aerobic respiration is

Which of the following statements is NOT true? A) The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate. B) The citric acid cycle begins and ends with pyruvate. C) NADH2 will eventually produce three ATP molecules. D) Aerobic respiration of glucose has four phases. E) Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Which of the following statements about glycolysis is TRUE? A) Glycolysis results in the release of carbon dioxide. B) Glycolysis is a cyclical reaction. C) Glycolysis is a reduction reaction where only glucose is reduced. D) Glycolysis occurs twice per glucose molecule. E) Glycolysis breaks glucose down to 2 pyruvate molecules. Which of the following best defines substrate-level ATP synthesis? A) An enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP resulting in ATP B) ATP is used to activate glucose for glycolysis C) An exergonic reaction is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP plus phosphate D) Oxidation of a substrate results in a high energy bond E) ATP is synthesized from adenosine plus 3 phosphates Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the lactate that results from fermentation in the muscles? A) It triggers ongoing heavier breathing to provide further oxygen for the muscles B) Much of the lactate is transported to the liver where it is converted to pyruvate C) Some lactate converted to pyruvate is converted back to glucose D) Some lactate converted to pyruvate is then completely broken down E) It is stored in muscle cells for later ATP product...

3 Biological Macromolecules • Introduction • 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules • 3.2 Carbohydrates • 3.3 Lipids • 3.4 Proteins • 3.5 Nucleic Acids • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • Test Prep for AP®Courses • Science Practice Challenge Questions • 4 Cell Structure • Introduction • 4.1 Studying Cells • 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells • 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells • 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins • 4.5 Cytoskeleton • 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • Test Prep for AP®Courses • Science Practice Challenge Questions • 5 Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes • Introduction • 5.1 Components and Structure • 5.2 Passive Transport • 5.3 Active Transport • 5.4 Bulk Transport • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • Test Prep for AP®Courses • Science Practice Challenge Questions • 6 Metabolism • Introduction • 6.1 Energy and Metabolism • 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy • 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics • 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate • 6.5 Enzymes • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • Test Prep for AP®Courses • Science Practice Challenge Questions • 7 Cellular Respiration • Introduction • 7.1 Energy in Living Systems • 7.2 Glycolysis • 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle • 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation • 7.5 Metabol...

Respiration releases energy from glucose in the form of ATP. This occurs in all living cells. Aerobic respiration (with oxygen) releases more energy than anaerobic respiration (without oxygen). In this study guide you will learn about aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the aerobic respiration word equation and metabolism in plants and animals. The word equation for aerobic respiration is: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy released) You need to be able to recognise the chemical symbols: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O Respiration is a series of reactions, but this summarises the overall process. The first stages of respiration occur in the cytoplasm of cells, but most of the energy released is in the mitochondria . During aerobic respiration 38 ATP molecules of chemical energy are produced. Anaerobic respiration Most organisms cannot respire without oxygen but some organisms and tissues can continue to respire if the oxygen runs out. These organisms and tissues use the process of anaerobic respiration . During anaerobic respiration, the oxidation of glucose is incomplete. The reaction therefore releases much less energy – around a nineteenth of the energy released during aerobic respiration. Only two ATP molecules of chemical energy are produced, in comparison with 38 molecules in aerobic respiration. Human muscle can respire anaerobically for short periods of time - even though the process is relatively inefficient, it's better to continue respiring ...

The stages of aerobic respiration Stage one Glucose in the cytoplasm of cells is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate . This releases enough energy to produce two molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose that is broken down. The breakdown reactions that occur are catalysed by specific enzymes. If these enzymes are not present or functional then the reactions will not occur, so the breakdown of glucose is controlled by enzymes. This stage does not require oxygen. If oxygen is available to the cell then the pyruvate molecules can be further broken down in stage two to release more energy and produce a greater quantity of ATP. Stage two A pyruvate molecule enters the mitochondria and is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Enough energy is released from each pyruvate molecule to produce a large number of ATP molecules. As in stage one, the breakdown reactions in this process are catalysed by specific enzymes. Oxygen does not react directly with molecules of pyruvate. It is involved in the final step of the breakdown. If oxygen is not available then only two ATP are produced. Cells that have a high-energy demand such as nerve cells and muscle cells contain a large number of mitochondria to maximise ATP production by aerobic respiration. A muscle cell contains myofibrils, proteins that make the cell contract, and high numbers of mitochondria to produce the large quantity of ATP molecules required. In this video science presenter...

Respiration releases energy from glucose in the form of ATP. This occurs in all living cells. Aerobic respiration (with oxygen) releases more energy than anaerobic respiration (without oxygen). In this study guide you will learn about aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the aerobic respiration word equation and metabolism in plants and animals. The word equation for aerobic respiration is: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy released) You need to be able to recognise the chemical symbols: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O Respiration is a series of reactions, but this summarises the overall process. The first stages of respiration occur in the cytoplasm of cells, but most of the energy released is in the mitochondria . During aerobic respiration 38 ATP molecules of chemical energy are produced. Anaerobic respiration Most organisms cannot respire without oxygen but some organisms and tissues can continue to respire if the oxygen runs out. These organisms and tissues use the process of anaerobic respiration . During anaerobic respiration, the oxidation of glucose is incomplete. The reaction therefore releases much less energy – around a nineteenth of the energy released during aerobic respiration. Only two ATP molecules of chemical energy are produced, in comparison with 38 molecules in aerobic respiration. Human muscle can respire anaerobically for short periods of time - even though the process is relatively inefficient, it's better to continue respiring ...

The stages of aerobic respiration Stage one Glucose in the cytoplasm of cells is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate . This releases enough energy to produce two molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose that is broken down. The breakdown reactions that occur are catalysed by specific enzymes. If these enzymes are not present or functional then the reactions will not occur, so the breakdown of glucose is controlled by enzymes. This stage does not require oxygen. If oxygen is available to the cell then the pyruvate molecules can be further broken down in stage two to release more energy and produce a greater quantity of ATP. Stage two A pyruvate molecule enters the mitochondria and is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Enough energy is released from each pyruvate molecule to produce a large number of ATP molecules. As in stage one, the breakdown reactions in this process are catalysed by specific enzymes. Oxygen does not react directly with molecules of pyruvate. It is involved in the final step of the breakdown. If oxygen is not available then only two ATP are produced. Cells that have a high-energy demand such as nerve cells and muscle cells contain a large number of mitochondria to maximise ATP production by aerobic respiration. A muscle cell contains myofibrils, proteins that make the cell contract, and high numbers of mitochondria to produce the large quantity of ATP molecules required. In this video science presenter...

3 Biological Macromolecules • Introduction • 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules • 3.2 Carbohydrates • 3.3 Lipids • 3.4 Proteins • 3.5 Nucleic Acids • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • Test Prep for AP®Courses • Science Practice Challenge Questions • 4 Cell Structure • Introduction • 4.1 Studying Cells • 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells • 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells • 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins • 4.5 Cytoskeleton • 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • Test Prep for AP®Courses • Science Practice Challenge Questions • 5 Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes • Introduction • 5.1 Components and Structure • 5.2 Passive Transport • 5.3 Active Transport • 5.4 Bulk Transport • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • Test Prep for AP®Courses • Science Practice Challenge Questions • 6 Metabolism • Introduction • 6.1 Energy and Metabolism • 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy • 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics • 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate • 6.5 Enzymes • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • Test Prep for AP®Courses • Science Practice Challenge Questions • 7 Cellular Respiration • Introduction • 7.1 Energy in Living Systems • 7.2 Glycolysis • 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle • 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation • 7.5 Metabol...

Which of the following statements is NOT true? A) The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate. B) The citric acid cycle begins and ends with pyruvate. C) NADH2 will eventually produce three ATP molecules. D) Aerobic respiration of glucose has four phases. E) Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Which of the following statements about glycolysis is TRUE? A) Glycolysis results in the release of carbon dioxide. B) Glycolysis is a cyclical reaction. C) Glycolysis is a reduction reaction where only glucose is reduced. D) Glycolysis occurs twice per glucose molecule. E) Glycolysis breaks glucose down to 2 pyruvate molecules. Which of the following best defines substrate-level ATP synthesis? A) An enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP resulting in ATP B) ATP is used to activate glucose for glycolysis C) An exergonic reaction is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP plus phosphate D) Oxidation of a substrate results in a high energy bond E) ATP is synthesized from adenosine plus 3 phosphates Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the lactate that results from fermentation in the muscles? A) It triggers ongoing heavier breathing to provide further oxygen for the muscles B) Much of the lactate is transported to the liver where it is converted to pyruvate C) Some lactate converted to pyruvate is converted back to glucose D) Some lactate converted to pyruvate is then completely broken down E) It is stored in muscle cells for later ATP product...