Tropical evergreen forest

Origin Temperate forests originated during the period of cooling of world climate that began at the start of the During the rapid climatic fluctuations of the past two million years in which conditions alternated between dry, cold glacial states—the ice ages of some northern temperate regions—and warmer, moister interglacial intervals, tree species of temperate forests had to migrate repeatedly to remain within climates suitable for their survival. Such migration was carried out by Aesculus) and Liquidambar) are two trees that no longer occur naturally in most parts of Europe, having disappeared during the climatic Human activities have had pronounced effects on the nature and extent of modern temperate forests. As long ago as 8,000 years, most sclerophyllous forests of the Mediterranean region had been cut over for timber or

TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read) Rainforests typically receive copious amounts of rain each year. But not all rainforests are alike. The type of rainforest and its location determines annual rainfall amounts: • Equatorial rainforests receive more than 80 inches of rain annually. • Montane rainforests and cloud forests obtain up to 79 inches of rain per year. • Monsoon rainforests get from between 100 to 200 inches of rain annually. • Temperate and boreal rainforests receive over 55 inches of rainfall per year, but some locations have received from 33 to 320 inches per year. Equatorial Rainforest The bulk of tropical evergreen rainforest lies in that equatorial climate zone defined in the widely used Köppen scheme as tropical wet, characterized by warm year-round temperatures with very little annual variation. These equatorial rainforests – the largest within he Amazon Basin of South America and the second-largest in central Africa’s Congo Basin – typically receive more than 80 inches of rain per year, and this precipitation falls evenly across the calendar. A remarkable diversity of trees composes the multilayered canopies of equatorial rainforests, and – without any major dry season to contend with – these trees are evergreen: that is, they sport leaves throughout the year. Montane Rainforest and Cloud Forest Above the lowland rainforest on tropical mountainsides, and on the windward slopes of subtropical mountains, cooler, higher-elevation forms of rainforest – generally te...

A tropical rainforest in Sabah, Malaysia. Image credit: BorneoRimbawan/Shutterstock.com • The rainforests of the world are formed of four layers that receive different amounts of rain, wind, and sun, and as such, are home to different species. • There are rainforests on all continents except Antarctica. • There is so little sunlight on the rainforest floor that very few plants grow there, but there are animals that love the decaying plant matter that can be found. A rainforest is defined by a tropical woodland with an annual rainfall of at least 100 inches (254 centimeters) and marked by lofty broad-leaved evergreen trees forming a continuous canopy.” There are different Emergent Layer The emergent layer of a rainforest. Image credit: Avigator Fortuner/Shutterstock.com The uppermost layer of the rainforest is called the emergent layer. This covering consists of the tallest trees in the forest. These trees can be up to an astounding 200 feet (60m) tall and 16 feet around (almost 5m). Hardwood evergreens with small waxy leaves that can retain water in the dry season tend to be in this layer. Who and what lives here? The emergent layer is home to animals that can fly or glide, as the branches in this part of the rainforest can be slender, and will not support the weight of larger land animals. Bats as well as hawks, eagles, butterflies, and gliders all love to roost in the emergent layer. Canopy Green foliage in the Daintree Rainforest, Queensland, Australia. Image credit: Si...

This story is part of the Landscape News series It was the mud that got to Jacob Shell. The Philadelphia-based geographer, who was doing research in the monsoon forests of northern Myanmar for a “It’s like, you step into this mud, and your boot gets stuck, and you have to untie it to get your foot out of it, and then you have to gradually pry the now-empty boot out of the mud!” Monsoon forests – otherwise known as tropical deciduous forests – are scattered across equatorial parts of Southeast Asia, the Americas, Africa and Australia. Straddling the borders between rainforests and dry areas, they’re characterized by contrast. “It’s a kind of transition zone between the humid tropics and the drier but still-tropical vegetation,” says Yves Laumonier, a scientist at the During the rainy or monsoon season, the forests can experience as much or more rainfall than a rainforest, making them lush and green, filled with lianas (woody vines) and epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants). This seasonal ‘closed canopy’ sees little light reach the forest floor. But when the dry season arrives, the forests transform as most trees shed their leaves to conserve precious moisture, and many woody plants that were shaded by the wet-season canopy take the opportunity to flower and fruit. Monsoon forests oscillate between long, dry periods and heavy rainfall. Siddarth Macchado, The animals that live in monsoon forests have also made interesting adaptations to cope with the seasonal extremes....

• Article • • 07 September 2022 Chiral monoterpenes reveal forest emission mechanisms and drought responses • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5251-9723 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7062-6840 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-5972 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0132-5785 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4244-4366 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7676-9057 • … • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-1703 Show authors Nature volume 609, pages 307–312 ( 2022) So far, little attention has been given to the different chiral forms of monoterpenes ((+) and (−)), as both enantiomers have identical physical properties and rates of reaction with OH and O 3 (ref. Isoprene emission is better understood than monoterpene emission, with generally precise model-prediction and measurement agreement C-methyl- d-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway, in which photosynthetically assimilated CO 2 is converted to the isoprene precursor, isopentenyl diphosphate, and directly emitted from the leaf (de novo emission) C-methyl- d-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway, but some monoterpenes are synthesized by the mevalonate pathway. Both pathways result in the production of isopentenyl diphosphate, which combines with its isomer, dimethylallyl diphosphate, to form the common monoterpene precursor geranyl diphosphate We separated and measured the enantiomers for α-pinene, camphene and limonene, as well as (−)-β-pinene, γ-terpinene and isoprene, at hourly intervals over almost four months within the enclosed Biosphere 2 Tropical Rain ...