Which of the following is not caused by unsterilized needles

(See also Overview of Hepatitis Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. (See also Overview of Acute Viral Hepatitis and Overview of Chronic Hepatitis.) Hepatitis is common throughout the world. Hepatitis can be Acute (short-lived) read more , Overview of Acute Viral Hepatitis Acute viral hepatitis is inflammation of the liver, generally meaning inflammation caused by infection with one of the five hepatitis viruses. In most people, the inflammation begins suddenly... read more , and Hepatitis C, Chronic Chronic hepatitis C is inflammation of the liver that is caused by the hepatitis C virus and that has lasted more than 6 months. Hepatitis C often causes no symptoms until after it has badly... read more .) In the United States, over 4,100 cases of acute hepatitis C were reported in 2019. However, because many cases are not recognized or not reported, the actual number of new infections was estimated to be over 57,500 in 2019. The number of people with acute hepatitis C in the United States has been increasing since 2013. For unknown reasons, about one of five people with Alcohol-Related Liver Disease Alcohol-related liver disease is liver damage caused by drinking too much alcohol for a long time. In general, the amount of alcohol consumed (how much, how often, and for how long) determines... read more has hepatitis C. In these people, alcohol and hepatitis C work together to worsen inflammation and scarring of the liver ( Cirrhosis of the Liver Cirrhosis is the widespread...

Botulism is poisoning that is due to Clostridium botulinum toxin and that affects the peripheral nerves. Botulism may occur without infection if toxin is ingested, injected, or inhaled. Symptoms are symmetric cranial nerve palsies accompanied by a symmetric descending weakness and flaccid paralysis without sensory deficits. Diagnosis is clinical and by laboratory identification of toxin. Treatment is with support and antitoxin. (See also Overview of Anaerobic Bacteria Bacteria can be classified by their need and tolerance for oxygen: Facultative: Grow aerobically or anaerobically in the presence or absence of oxygen Microaerophilic: Require a low oxygen concentration... read more and Overview of Clostridial Infections Clostridia are spore-forming, gram-positive, anaerobic bacilli present widely in dust, soil, and vegetation and as normal flora in mammalian gastrointestinal tracts. Pathogenic species produce... read more .) C. botulinum is one of several species of clostridia that cause human disease. Botulism is a rare, life-threatening disorder that occurs when botulinum toxin spreads hematogenously and interferes irreversibly with release of acetylcholine at peripheral nerve endings manifesting as weakness. Botulism is a medical emergency and sometimes a public health emergency. C. botulinum elaborates 8 types of antigenically distinct neurotoxins (types A through G and F/A Hybrid). Five of the toxins, types A, B, E, and rarely F and F/A Hybrid (formerly labeled H) affec...

In the operating room, there are a number of moving parts and people responsible for ensuring everything is safe and ready to go. One of the most important aspects of an operating room is the equipment used for the surgery, such as scalpels, forceps, and other surgical instruments. It’s important to ensure that these are completely sterile before they are used in order to prevent serious complications. If surgical instruments are not sterile, it can lead to a number of problems. Here are some of the things you should know about surgical instruments and why it is so important that they are sterilized before a surgery. Contamination Puts the Patient at Risk Certain residue left on surgical instruments can put the patient at serious risk of infection should the instrument be used during surgery. Depending on what is left on the instrument, this may also mean the spread of serious illnesses or diseases such as HIV/AIDs, Hepatitis, and more. This could lead to patients becoming very ill and requiring further medical attention following the surgery. It’s important to inspect all instruments prior to surgery in order to protect those on the operating table. Sterilization in One Area Can Impact an Entire Hospital Infection is a serious issue in a location where so many people have weakened immune systems. Infections can spread to more than just one patient impacted by the contaminated surgical instrument. This can be a large scale problem for the entire hospital. The Possibility o...

Viral hepatitis is the inflammation and damage of liver cells due to infection. There are different types and causes of hepatitis, but the symptoms can be similar. The liver is essential for removing toxins from the blood, storing There are Each type has different characteristics, and transmission happens differently, but the symptoms This article covers the different types of hepatitis, including their symptoms, treatments, and outlooks. Share on Pinterest A person with hepatitis A may experience nausea and low appetite. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate around Overall, the number of U.S. cases has declined during the past 20 years — largely due to immunization — but outbreaks sometimes occur. People typically contract Hepatitis A from food or water that has come into contact with fecal matter from a person with the virus. It is common in many countries, especially those with ineffective sanitation systems. Symptoms A person will typically experience symptoms within • • • • • • • • However, many people do not experience symptoms at all. Most people make a full recovery within a few weeks to several months. After this, they have immunity to it. Children In rare cases, hepatitis A can be fatal. However, there are safe and effective vaccines that protect against this virus. People at an increased risk for hepatitis A include: • international travelers • men who have sex with men • people with limited or no access to clean water • people living in ...